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156 CHAPTER 4. AQUATIC SYSTEMS 4.1.3 A multi tracer study to investigate the groundwater in the Odenwald region Participating scientists Ronny Friedrich, Werner Aeschbach-Hertig, Bernhard Leßmann (HLUG), Guido Vero (HLUG) Abstract Three sampling campaigns where performed during 2003, 2004 and 2005 in the Odenwald region. With this multi tracer study (noble gases, 3 H, δ 18 O, δ 2 H, SF6, CFCs) we want to investigate the age structure, mixing ratios and recharge areas of the groundwater in this region. First results show groundwater ages of a few years up to older than 40 years. Figure 4.3: Stable isotope data (δ 18 O, δ 2 H) of the campaign in 2003. Isotopic signatures of samples from the crystalline part (1), the sandstone part (2) and from the ”Hanau-Seeligenstädter-Senke” (4) are concentrated in separate groups, whereas samples from ”Hessisches Ried” (3) scatter over the whole range. Background The Odenwald region is one of the main recharge areas for groundwater of the surrounding areas (Hessisches Ried, Hanau- Seligenstädter Senke). These areas are very important for freshwater extraction. Therefore we want to investigate the groundwater in the Odenwald to study residence times and mixing ratios of the groundwater, define regions of groundwater recharge and understand the groundwater inflow from the Odenwald to the surrounding areas. Funding This work is done in cooperation with the ”Hessisches Landesamt <strong>für</strong> Umwelt und Geologie” Wiesbaden. Methods and results To study the groundwater we use different stable and radioactive gasand isotope tracers summarized as ”environmental tracers” such as 2 H, 18 O, 3 H, noble gases and SF6. Noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) can be used in principle to calculate recharge temperatures or the infiltration altitudes (above sea level) of recharge areas. Furthermore noble gases give important information to correct other gas tracers for so called ”excess air” that oversaturates gases in groundwater (see Kipfer et al. [2002] for a review of the methods). SF6 and 3 H- 3 He are used to date the groundwater. Comparing the results of these two independent dating methods we see that dating with SF6 is not possible in the crystalline region of the Odenwald. We assume that SF6 is influenced by a natural source in the subsurface. Data from the 3 H- 3 He method give robust groundwater ages in the range of some years to values higher than 40 years. By using the stable isotope data it is possible to distinguish between groundwater from different areas of the Odenwald. That will help us to define flow paths of the groundwater from the Odenwald to the surrounding areas. Additionally the isotopic signatures show that the groundwater was formed by ”annual” precipitation and not only in winteror summertime. Outlook/Future work Until today we have analyzed all samples from the campaign in 2003. Measuring the samples from 2004 and 2005 should give us information about seasonal changes in groundwater flow. Main publication Friedrich et al. [2004]
4.1. GROUNDWATER AND PALEOCLIMATE 157 4.1.4 A new mass spectrometric system for measurement of noble gases and first applications to perform measurements of fluid inclusions in speleothems Participating scientists Katja Träumner, Werner Aeschbach-Hertig, Ronny Friedrich, Laszlo Palcsu and Gerhard Zimmek Abstract A new mass spectrometric system for purification and measurement of noble gases from groundwater and stalagmite samples was put into operation and tested for its behavior. The first application was a successful testing of a new extraction method for stalagmite samples. Desorption 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Desorption characteristic charcoal trap 0% 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 -20% Temperature [K] Helium Neon Figure 4.4: The desorption of helium and neon from the charcoal trap as a function of temperature is shown. The decrease of the Helium-signal is a result of the gas consumption of the Quadrupol mass spectrometer which was used for measurement. On account of this characteristic curves a separation of helium and neon is possible, which is necessary for an exact measurement in the mass spectrometer. Background The characteristic temperature dependence of the solubility of noble gases and their property of being chemically and biologically inert, make noble gases an ideal proxy for paleotemperatures [Kipfer et al. , 2002]. By measuring noble gas concentrations of small fluid inclusions in stalagmite samples, we try to combine this thermometer with the possibility to precisely date the speleothem archive. Methods and results After first experiences with the extraction of fluid inclusions in the institute by a master thesis in the last year [Rice, 2004], now the development of a new mass spectrometric system was the next step. This system consists of an inlet part to attach several kinds of samples, a system of cold traps for purification and separation (one trap cooled by dry ice for removal of water, one nude metal trap to condense all gases except helium and neon and a charcoal trap for separating helium and neon) and a commercial mass spectrometer, which is especially designed for measuring noble gases (see section 4.1.5). During the diploma thesis the software to control all valves and to supervise the pressure in the line was written; software, tests and the parameters for temperature control of the traps were developed and several volumes (pipettes, standards, expansion and splitting volumes) of the system were determined. The new system was tested for the temporal behavior of the cool down processes and the desorption properties of the cold traps. The results of these tests were used to develop a new measurement routine. To continue the work with fluid inclusions in speleothems a new crushing method was tested. First measurements show that good results depend on the kind of samples. The composition of noble gases from stalagmites is a mixture of gases from air and from water. Outlook/Future work An automated measurement of samples will soon be possible. We will obtain a sample throughput of at least two to three samples a day. The work with the stalagmite samples will be continued by a Ph.D. thesis. Main publication Träumner [2005]
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Contents 1 Introduction/Overview of
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CONTENTS 7 3.2.1 Glaciological pilo
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Introduction In Heidelberg, environ
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Overview Summary Atmospheric resear
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7.5. INVITED TALKS 221 Invited Talk
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