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6 See for example the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health.
Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social
determinants of health. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/social_determinants/
thecommission/finalreport/en/index.html
7 Powers, M. and Faden, R. (2006). Social Justice, The Moral Foundations of Public
Health and Public Health Policy. pp.82. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
8 Gostin, L. (2001). Public Health, Ethics and Human Rights: A Tribute to the Late
Jonathan Mann. J.L. Med. & Ethics;29: 121–130.
9 Callaghan, D. and Jennings, B. (2002). Ethics and public health: forging a strong
relationship. AJPH:169–176.
10 Dawson, A. (2010). Theory and practice in public health ethics: a complex
relationship. In S. Peckham & A. Hann (Eds.), Public Health Ethics and Practice.
Bristol, UK: The Policy Press.
11 Sherwin, S. (1999). Foundations, frameworks, lenses: the role of theories in
bioethics. Bioethics;13: 198–205.
12 Kass, N. (2001). An ethics framework for Public Health. AJPH; 91:1776.
13 Childress, J. et al. (2002). Public health ethics: mapping the terrain. J.L. Med. &
Ethics; 30: 170–178.
14 Upshur, R.E. (2002). Principles for the justification of public health intervention.
Can J Public Health;93(2):101–103.
15 Giacomini, M., Kenny, N. & DeJean, D. (2009). Ethics frameworks in Canadian health
policies: foundation, scaffolding, or window dressing? Health Policy;89(1):58–71.
16 Thompson, A.K., Faith, K., Gibson, J.L. & Upshur, R.E. (2006). Pandemic influenza
preparedness: an ethical framework to guide decision-making. BMC Med
Ethics;7:E12.
17 Daniels, N. and Sabin, J. (2002). Setting limits fairly: can we learn to share scarce
resources? Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
18 Core Competencies for Public Health in Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.
phac-aspc.gc.ca/php-psp/ccph-cesp/pdfs/cc-manual-eng090407.pdf p.3
19 Roberts, M. and Reich, M. (2002). Ethical Analysis in Public Health. Lancet; 359:
1055–59 p.1059.
acknowleDgeMents
I would like to acknowledge the funding support of the Canada Research Chairs
program and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. I would like to thank
my many colleagues over the years who have contributed to my understanding of
public health ethics. Particular thanks go to Profs. Ann Robertson, Solly Benatar,
Angus Dawson, Alison Thompson, Stephanie Nixon and Abdallah Daar. Parts of this
essay are based on a chapter co-written with them. I am most grateful to all of the
many graduate students who have stimulated my thinking and challenged some
of my well worn assumptions.
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