PoPulationand Public HealtH etHics

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policy governments, regional development banks and international aid agencies, endorsed the Declaration. 7 The Paris Declaration embodies five fundamental principles in making development aid more effective: » Ownership: Developing countries set their own strategies to reduce poverty, improve their institutions and tackle corruption. » Alignment: Donor countries align behind these objectives and use local systems. » Harmonization: Donor countries coordinate, simplify procedures and share information to avoid duplication. » Results: Developing countries and donors shift focus to development results and results get measured. » Mutual accountability: Donors and partners are accountable for development results. It should be noted that the Paris Declaration, with endorsement from a global contingency of signatories, offers a mechanism and a crucial public health-relevant infrastructure for aid effectiveness. Its impact on global health warrants further empirical examination for malaria control/eradication programs as well as other public health priorities in lMICs. Concluding remarks The case of malaria in resource-limited developing countries and its intersection with development aid raise global public health ethics issues heretofore neglected by traditional biomedical ethics, as well as by individual choice and autonomy-based ethics frames. Our analysis therefore underscores the need to broaden the 21st century bioethics frames to reconsider ethics at the level of populations and recognize newer issues of direct ethics significance, such as collective action to ensure public health infrastructures and standards for development aid so as to bridge and reconcile global and local population health priorities. Finally, and most importantly, as the majority of research on malaria is being done by researchers who are not based in lMICs, capacity building for both infrastructure and discovery science is more than essential 5,13,17 and should be recognized as a legitimate public health ethics issue. PoPulation anD Public HealtH etHics 90
eFerences 1 Leach-Kemon, K., Chou, D.P., Schneider, M. T., et al. (2012). The global financial crisis has led to a slowdown in growth of funding to improve health in many developing countries. Health Aff (Millwood); 31(1): 228–35. 2 Suresh, S. (2011). Moving Toward Global Science. Science; 333(6044): 802. 3 Pang, T. (2010). Global health governance: a cart pulled by too many horses? Singapore: Centre on Asia and Globalization, National University of Singapore. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7GTvTPtEU4 4 O’Neill, O. (2011). Broadening bioethics: clinical ethics, public health and global health. Nuffield Council on Bioethics Annual Lecture. Retrieved from: http://www.nuffield bioethics.org/news/broadening-bioethics-clinical-ethics-public-health-and-global-health 5 Schofield, P.N., Eppig, J., Huala, E., et al. (2010). Research funding. Sustaining the data and bioresource commons. Science 2010; 330(6004): 592–3. 6 Ozdemir, V. (2010). Pharmacogenomics: Reflections on the old and new social, ethical and policy issues in postgenomics medicine. In M. Schwab, W. Kaschka & E. Spina (Eds.). Pharmacogenomics in Psychiatry. (pp.12–29). Basel, CH: S. Karger AB. 7 OECD. (2005). Paris Declaration and Accra Agenda For Action. 8 Borda-Rodriguez, A. and Huzair, F. (2011). Revisiting the Paris Declaration: Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine as accelerators for development aid and effectiveness. Curr Pharmacogenomics Person Med; 9(4): 240–2. Retrieved from: http://www. benthamdirect.org/pages/content.php?CPPM/2011/00000009/00000004/001AF.SGM 9 Ostrom, E. (2000). Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms. Journal Econ Perspectives; 14(3): 137–58. 10 Ozdemir, V., Rosenblatt, D.S., Warnich, L., et al. (2011). Towards an Ecology of Collective Innovation: Human Variome Project (HVP), Rare Disease Consortium for Autosomal Loci (RaDiCAL) and Data-Enabled Life Sciences Alliance (DELSA). Curr Pharmacogenomics Person Med; 9(4): 243–51. Retrieved from: http://www.benthamdirect.org/pages/content. php?CPPM/2011/00000009/00000004/001AF.SGM 11 Knoppers, B. M. and Chadwick, R. (2005). Human genetic research: emerging trends in ethics. Nat Rev Genet; 6(1): 75–9. 12 Knoppers, B. M. and Ozdemir, V. (2012). Biogenetics and the concept of humanity. In B. B. Van Beers (Ed.), Research Project in Humanity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 13 de Vries, J., Bull, S.J., Doumbo, O., et al. (2011). Ethical issues in human genomics research in developing countries. BMC Med Ethics; 12: 5. 14 Ozdemir, V. (2009) What to do when the risk environment is rapidly shifting and heterogeneous? Anticipatory governance and real-time assessment of social risks in multiply marginalized populations can prevent IRB mission creep, ethical inflation or underestimation of risks. Am J Bioeth; 9(11): 65–8. 15 Kilama, W.L. (2009). Health research ethics in public health: trials and implemen tation of malaria mosquito control strategies. Acta Trop; 112 Suppl 1: S37–47. 16 Kickbusch, I. (2011). Governance for health in the 21st century. Geneva, CH: WHO Regional Office for Europe. Retrieved from: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_ file/0010/148951/RC61_InfDoc6.pdf 17 Ozdemir, V., Fisher, E., Dove, E.S., et al. End of the beginning and public health pharmacogenomics: Knowledge in ‘Mode 2’ and P5 medicine. Curr Pharmacogenomics Person Med 2012; 10(1): 1–6. Retrieved from: http://www.benthamdirect.org/pages/ content.php?CPPM/2012/00000010/00000001/001AF.SGM Worldwide and local anti-malaria initiatives 91
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PoPulationand Public HealtH etHics
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contents Acknowledgements - page 5
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acknowleDgeMents The Partners would
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» Create a tool to support instruc
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Each of the discussants took on thi
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Twenty years on, things have change
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intervention (say reduction in mort
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ethics understands dilemmas not onl
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priority setting. 17 Once more, usi
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6 See for example the WHO Commissio
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obesity surveillance in scHool cHil
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esearch 2 Inevitably children will
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esearch Case discussion in response
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It would be ideal to get active inf
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esearch participation, leading to a
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to sHare or not to sHare? Secondary
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esearch Scenario shift » What if t
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esearch Many different parties have
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esearch of his concern for people w
Page 40 and 41: esearcH etHics anD conFlicts oF int
Page 42 and 43: esearch and non-public information
Page 44 and 45: esearch reFerences 1 Public Health
Page 46 and 47: esearch Key ethical dimensions Perh
Page 48 and 49: esearch such support, seen across t
Page 50 and 51: esearch Proposed resolution Enablin
Page 52 and 53: a tool For etHical analysis oF Publ
Page 54 and 55: esearch are explicit. In Quebec, su
Page 56 and 57: esearch reFerences 1 Bayer, R. and
Page 58 and 59: Part two Policy
Page 60 and 61: policy being increasingly introduce
Page 62 and 63: policy behaviour. Therefore, the et
Page 64 and 65: policy 18 Chapman, S. and Freeman,
Page 66 and 67: policy through outdoor smoking, any
Page 68 and 69: policy that this is an injustice. W
Page 70 and 71: DeFerring blooD Donation FroM Men w
Page 72 and 73: policy 26 per cent of new infection
Page 74 and 75: policy 6 NHS Blood and Transplant.
Page 76 and 77: policy public trust might also incl
Page 78 and 79: policy lived in certain regions in
Page 80 and 81: policy 4 Zou, S., Musavi, F., Notar
Page 82 and 83: policy Case description For nearly
Page 84 and 85: policy 3 Economic conditions could
Page 86 and 87: policy essential to examine the his
Page 88 and 89: policy lMICs. Evidence-based introd
Page 92 and 93: First nations Drinking water Polici
Page 94 and 95: policy federal government was aware
Page 96 and 97: policy reFerences 1 Health Canada.
Page 98 and 99: policy Core issue Case study author
Page 100 and 101: policy Additional issues It may be
Page 102 and 103: policy Arguably, an exception might
Page 104 and 105: policy Case Following the pharmaceu
Page 106 and 107: policy 3 What potential harms may b
Page 108 and 109: policy in the “anti-cancer vaccin
Page 110 and 111: policy adults may choose for themse
Page 112 and 113: policy Men also suffer some HPV-cau
Page 114 and 115: ManDatory iMMunization oF local Pub
Page 116 and 117: policy for exemptions and declinati
Page 118 and 119: policy Case discussion in response
Page 120 and 121: policy the degree of infringement o
Page 122 and 123: Part tHree Practice
Page 124 and 125: practice Case The Inquiry found tha
Page 126 and 127: practice Questions for discussion 1
Page 128 and 129: practice is a basic ethical obligat
Page 130 and 131: practice harm is remote, the cost/b
Page 132 and 133: practice that the professional plac
Page 134 and 135: practice or equitably reaching your
Page 136 and 137: practice Questions for discussion 1
Page 138 and 139: practice In what follows, I will de
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practice will end up having to comp
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practice Getting Clear on What’s
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using PersonalizeD letters oF invit
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practice Cervical cancer is relativ
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practice Case discussion in respons
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practice principle should only be t
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practice potentially cause the gene
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practice Nations’ constitutional
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practice Questions for discussion 1
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practice sanitation and poor housin
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practice Decision making While the
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alberta oil sanDs A toxic mixture o
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practice resolution calling for the
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practice Second, the process of oil
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practice contributing to “contrac
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practice How might the decision and
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wHose role is it to Deal witH socie
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practice same artisanal miners to d
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practice The ethical principle of b
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practice Identify the options avail
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