Appendix CASE ONE - Collection Point® | The Total Digital Asset ...

4 Legal History in the Making
which must have reached the island by the same route from Spain or southern France.
This motive is usually considered to be the most characteristic feature of Visigothic
art. It is found all over Spain and again in Lisbon, while occasional examples occur
in France from Poitiers southwards. 13
Professor Bartlett's notion of an isolated Ireland is a far cry from this
description by Bowen, who establishes that these western sea routes 'brought
the Gallic, Spanish and even the North African world into contact with
southern Ireland, Cornwall and Devon, south-east Wales, north-west Wales,
the Isle of Man, the Galloway peninsula and the Solway area'. 14 These lines
of communication were to remain open and of importance until the Islamic
conquest of North Africa, Spain and finally Bordeaux and Aquitaine gradually
severed the connection during the seventh and eighth centuries. After that,
even though some contact was renewed as the tide of Islamic conquest ebbed,
the routes never assumed the same importance that they had enjoyed from the
fourth to the seventh and eighth centuries. 15
The fact remains that the links between Ireland and France were in use in
the centuries separating Gregory of Tours' account of the ordeal by cauldron
from the Irish texts claiming its arrival to be connected with the coming of
Christianity, centuries during which control of the French end of this link
passed from the hands of the Romans into those of the Franks. This, it is
submitted, is a sufficiently plausible path of influence to refute Professor
Bartlett's view that the Irish ordeal is uniquely that land's own development,
and to restore the Irish ordeal to the fold of those derived under Prankish
influence with the arrival of Christian missions.
This suggestion solves one problem only to create another, for if Ireland
received the ordeal from the Franks as a result of contacts forged along the
western sea routes, it is pertinent to ask why Wales, which enjoyed similar
links, did not witness a comparable reception. Wales, it is generally accepted,
knew nothing of the ordeal until the coming of the Normans in the twelfth
century. 16 The second purpose of this essay is to suggest a reason why the
ordeal was not received into Wales during the protohistorical period, even
though Wales was subject to much the same set of influences as was Ireland
at this time.
Wales was quite distinct from Ireland in one very important regard. Wales
had been part of the Roman empire. It has been noted by historians of the
Roman period in Wales that Roman troops were withdrawn from this area
of Britain speedily from the time of the Emperor Hadrian onwards, and this
13 S.S.S., 51-52, citing Orosius, Operae, Book I, Cap. ii; A.W. Clapham, 'The Origins of Hiberno-
Saxon Art', Antiquity, viii (1934), 50; V.E. Nash-Williams, The Early Christian Monuments of Wales
(Cardiff, 1950).
14 S.S.S.,57.
15 Ibid., 76-77.
16 Bartlett, op. cit., 47-48.