New Pest Response Guidelines - aphis - US Department of Agriculture
New Pest Response Guidelines - aphis - US Department of Agriculture
New Pest Response Guidelines - aphis - US Department of Agriculture
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
Control Procedures<br />
Integrated <strong>Pest</strong> Management<br />
Integrated pest management approaches to manage and control established<br />
populations <strong>of</strong> pine-tree lappet have been suggested and described by<br />
Sierpinksa (Sierpinska, 1998). The goal <strong>of</strong> these programs is to establish a<br />
healthy forest ecosystem that will promote the existence <strong>of</strong> natural populations<br />
<strong>of</strong> insect parasitoids and predators, entomopathogenic microorganisms (fungi,<br />
bacteria and viruses), insectivorous birds and bat populations. Creating the<br />
environmental conditions that favor the existence <strong>of</strong> these biological control<br />
agents will greatly help in controlling pine-tree lappet populations and<br />
minimize the use <strong>of</strong> pesticides. An IPM program for Dendrolimus moths may<br />
include combinations <strong>of</strong> frequent monitoring (suggested at five to seven times/<br />
year in high risk areas), establishment <strong>of</strong> surveys to monitor economic<br />
thresholds, limiting impacts from human activities, use <strong>of</strong> light traps to reduce<br />
moth populations, and applying biological pesticides to reduce larval<br />
population levels (Chen, 1990). When possible, different pine species or mixed<br />
tree species are recommended in forestry programs. For example, short-term<br />
approaches in Vietnam focused on biological control, including mass<br />
production and application <strong>of</strong> microbial agents and parasitic insects.<br />
Recommended long-term strategies have included establishing mixed stands <strong>of</strong><br />
different pine species or pines and broad-leaved trees, or to replace pines with<br />
non-host species in high-hazard areas, increases in fire prevention, and<br />
enhanced training <strong>of</strong> protection personnel in all phases <strong>of</strong> integrated pest<br />
management (Billings, 1991).<br />
Summary<br />
The most effective control program for suppression <strong>of</strong> Dendrolimus moths will<br />
likely incorporate the use <strong>of</strong> chemical and biological control measures in an<br />
integrated pest management approach.<br />
If an established population is found in a coniferous forest production area, a<br />
science advisory panel will be asked to determine the best course <strong>of</strong> action. If<br />
eradication is not possible, as determined by the science advisory panel, it will<br />
be the responsibility <strong>of</strong> University extension services to determine the best<br />
management practices.<br />
12/2012-01 Dendrolimus Pine Moths 6-15