New Pest Response Guidelines - aphis - US Department of Agriculture

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Pest Information Larva After 16 to 21 days, the first instar larvae of the SSM hatch and will remain in groups (Galkin, 1993; Liu and Shih, 1957). The total number of instars in a full life cycle varies from six to eight depending on whether the life cycle is completed in one, two or three years. For a one year life cycle, the larvae will molt three more times to reach the fourth instar. In September, the fifth instar larvae migrate to the forest floor to overwinter underneath the forest litter. Exact determination of overwintering is triggered by a drop in temperatures, an increase in precipitation, changes in the biochemical composition and coloration of larch needles and a shortening of the photoperiods (Galkin, 1993; Geispits, 1965). In spring of the following year, when the soil temperature average 3.5 to 5.0ºC the overwintering larvae break diapause, climb to the tree and resume feeding (FAO, 2007). This is the most destructive stage because of the size of the larvae and its voracious feeding. The larvae will complete seven instars and pupate in June. Before pupation, ~90% of larvae will move to the tree crown and spin a silken cocoon, where they will remain for 18-22 days until they emerge as adults (Galkin, 1993; Liu and Shih, 1957). Three season life cycles are typical for populations in the southern portions of the SSM ecological range. In an expanded three season life cycle, larve in the first to third instar overwinter in the first year. In spring of the following year the larvae will climb back to the tree, molt to fifth instars and overwinter as fifth or sixth instar larvae until they reemerge in spring of the second year, pupate and emerge as adults (Figure 2-5 on page 2-22). Figure 2-5 Life cycle of Dendrolimus sibiricus illustrating the observed presence and timing of different stages throughout the typical calendar year, following conventions used in Fig. 2-3. 2-22 Dendrolimus Pine Moths 12/2012-01
Dendrolimus superans Pest Information Adult Emergence of the adults begins in June through July and lasts until August (Fukuyama, 1980). The general patterns of the life cycle are similar to D. sibiricus or have not been distinctly defined by research literature. Both two season and three season life cycles are known; Figure 2-6 on page 2-23 shows general phenology throughout the year which may vary depending on local geographic conditions. Figure 2-6 Life cycle of Dendrolimus superans illustrating the observed presence and timing of different stages throughout the typical calendar year, following conventions used in Fig. 2-3. Moths that overwinter once have a 2 season life cycle, while some moths overwinter twice and diapause in the summer, resulting in a three season life cycle. Larva Life cycles can typically require more than one year for development to complete, therefore, generations are often overlapping and hibernation occurs in various instars. Summer diapause is observed to coordinate generations emerging in synchrony, facilitating mating. Developmental Rates The duration and development of the life cycle of Dendrolimus moths is affected by the interplay of many factors including temperature, humidity, photoperiod, food quality and quantity (type and density of host species), population densities, the abundance and type of natural enemies and certain physiological factors (Galkin, 1993). Specific details relevant to each of the species under consideration are presented below. 12/2012-01 Dendrolimus Pine Moths 2-23
Page 1 and 2: United States Department of Agricul
Page 3 and 4: Dendrolimus Pine Moths Contents Con
Page 5 and 6: Dendrolimus Pine Moths Figures Figu
Page 7 and 8: Figure 4-3 Forest stand with glue b
Page 9 and 10: Dendrolimus Pine Moths Tables Table
Page 11 and 12: Dendrolimus Pine Moths Authors Revi
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 Introduction Contents Int
Page 15 and 16: Agricultural interests in other cou
Page 17 and 18: Authorities 4. Survey Procedures on
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Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2 Contents Introduction Cla
Page 25 and 26: Table 2-1 Classification of Dendrol
Page 27 and 28: Ecological Range Pest Information D
Page 29 and 30: Pest Information Dendrolimus sibiri
Page 31 and 32: Pest Information Dendrolimus supera
Page 33 and 34: Potential Distribution Pest Informa
Page 35 and 36: Table 2-4 Reported Hosts Species fo
Page 37 and 38: Table 2-4 Reported Hosts Species fo
Page 39 and 40: Life Cycle Pest Information Dendrol
Page 41 and 42: Pest Information Larva After 16-25
Page 43: Pest Information Pupa Larvae spin h
Page 47 and 48: Pest Information Egg Optimum temper
Page 49 and 50: Pest Information Egg Development no
Page 51 and 52: Pest Information Pupa Siberian silk
Page 53 and 54: Table 2-6 Daily Consumption (in g)
Page 57 and 58: Pest Information Dendrolimus sibiri
Page 59 and 60: Damage Pest Information The main da
Page 61 and 62: outbreaks of Dendrolimus spp. can m
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 3 Identification Contents I
Page 67 and 68: Identification Males are smaller an
Page 69 and 70: Figure 3-4 Pine-tree lappet larva.
Page 71 and 72: Identification Eggs The eggs are fo
Page 73 and 74: Identification Pupae Male pupae are
Page 75 and 76: Identification Figure 3-9 Adult Sib
Page 77 and 78: Identification Pupae The pupae of S
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Page 81 and 82: Identification Figure 3-14 Larva of
Page 83 and 84: Identification Molecular tools have
Page 85 and 86: Chapter 4 Contents Introduction Sur
Page 87 and 88: Survey Procedures 5. Clearly mark t
Page 89 and 90: Monitoring Survey Survey Procedures
Page 91 and 92: Survey Procedures What To Look For
Page 93 and 94: Survey Procedures Figure 4-3 Forest
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Survey Procedures Dendrolimus punct
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Light Traps Survey Procedures Figur
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Survey Procedures Type of property
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Chapter 5 Contents Introduction Reg
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Regulatory Procedures Tribal Govern
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Regulatory Procedures Establishing
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Chapter 6 Contents Introduction Con
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Cultural Control Pest population is
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Chemical Control Control Procedures
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Control Procedures Insect Growth Re
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Control Procedures Dendrolimus punc
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Control Procedures Dendrolimus sibi
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Control Procedures Dendrolimus pini
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Control Procedures Integrated Pest
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Chapter 7 Environmental Compliance
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Environmental Compliance Categorica
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Environmental Compliance Environmen
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Chapter 8 Pathways Contents Introdu
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Destinations Pathways When an actio
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Pathways Contaminated vehicles and
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Dendrolimus Pine Moths References U
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References Boldaruev, V. O. 1959. D
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References Dobrowolski, M. 2002. Ef
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References Gould, P., I. Wolwood, J
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outbreaks in eastern Siberia. Inter
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References Le-Cerf, F. 1932. Lepido
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References Malyshev, D. 1988. Durat
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References Endromidae, Saturnidae,
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References Shvidenko, A., S. Nilsso
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References Wang, C., J. Wu, and G.
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References Zhao, T. H., C. J. Chen,
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Appendix A Resources Use Appendix A
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Appendix B Forms index. Contents Us
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OMB Information According to the Pa
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Table B-1 Instructions for Completi
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PPQ 523 Emergency Action Notificati
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Appendix C How Contents to Submit I
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How to Submit Insect Specimens An a
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Appendix D Taxonomic Contents Backg
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Taxonomic Support for Surveys pleas
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USDA, APHIS, PPQ 105 Buckhout Lab P
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Data Entry Taxonomic Support for Su
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Appendix E Images Figure E-1 Field
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Images Figure E-3 Dendrolimus pini
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Appendix F Biological Control Table
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Sarcophaga tuberosa Pandellé Sarco
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Aphanistes bigutattus Grav Melis, 1
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Jackdaws (Corvus monedula) Chaffinc
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Nabis kurilensis Matsumura Coleopte
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Delomerista mandibularis Gravenhors
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Theronia atalantae Poda Theronia ja
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Dendrolimus sibiricus Cytoplasmic P
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Biological Control Table F-3 Report
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New Pest Response Guidelines - aphis - US Department of Agriculture

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