Psychology & Buddhism.pdf

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216 Kathleen H. Dockett and Doris North-Schulte The question for our collective survival is how can we transition from this era of darkness and killing into an era of light and peace? Upon what values can we create a global culture of peace? What are the principles by which we can live in harmony with persons from different backgrounds, respecting and valuing our differences? This is the problem to be solved in the 21st Century if society is to survive. This chapter describes the special contributions Buddhist psychology can make to the understanding and prevention of ethnic conflict. We present a Buddhist view of the root causes of ethnic conflict and how Buddhist values and principles may be applied to the prevention of these all too prevalent occurrences. Four Mahayana principles of integration are discussed: True Self, the Eternity of Life, compassion for all or the Bodhisattva Way, and global interdependence or Dependent Origination. We begin by framing the magnitude, nature, and causes of ethnopolitical conflict. Magnitude and Nature Ethnopolitical Conflict Ethnopolitical conflict is defined as “conflicts between ethnic, religious, linguistic, and national groups within states” (Connor as cited in Rouhana & Bar-Tal, 1998). In its extreme form, it is defined as genocide (genos [Greek] = race or tribe, and cide (Latin) = annihilation or killing), which is an attempt to kill many or all members of an ethnic group. Genocide “might well be identified as Public Health Problem Number One on Planet Earth, for it is the major cause of unnatural deaths of human beings” (Carny, 1985, p. 448). The global nature of the problem is evident in the brutal ethnic wars in Cambodia, Rwanda, Yugoslavia, Guatemala, Sri Lanka, and the Israel-occupied West Bank/Gaza. Within our national borders as well, the increasing racial and ethnic hate crimes and civil unrest for example in Los Angeles, Birmingham, and New York, and the lawlessness of some 800 militias and paramilitary groups across America, have been labeled by Carl Rowan (1966) as ominous signs that portend the coming of race wars in America. Certainly, as psychologist Vickie Mays has observed, “No continent is immune” (Mays, Bulock, Rosenzweig, & Wessells, 1998, p. 737). Ethnic conflicts are tremendously diverse. They are “often rooted in histories of colonialism, ethnocentrism, racism, political oppression, human rights abuse, social injustice, poverty, and environmental degradation” (Mays et al., 1998, p. 737). The following statistics only begin to highlight the magnitude of the problem: Violent ethnic conflict between 1945 and 1990 involved an estimated 100 national and minority groups (Gurr as cited in Mays et al., 1998).
Mahayana Principles of Integration 217 “In the 1990’s alone, two dozen ethnic conflicts have each resulted in at least a thousand deaths, and some have killed hundreds of thousands” (Mays et al., 1998, p. 738). Post-Cold War conflicts, mostly intrastate, have caused an estimated six million deaths (Takamura, 2000). Over 80% of the casualties are civilians because these conflicts often take place in and around communities rather than in designated “battlefields” (Garfield & Neugut as cited in Mays et al, 1998, p. 738). Over 40 million are refugees and displaced persons (Marsella, 1998, p. 1283). Up to 300,000 children under 18 years of age have served as “child soldiers” in ongoing conflicts. Daily, some 800 are killed or wounded. Between 1987 and 1997, 2 million were killed, 6 million disabled or injured, and 10 million psychologically traumatized (Ikeda, 1999, p. 31). Unlike the technologically managed violence in political and economic wars, ethnic conflicts are bloody internal wars, saturated by cruel, vicious, and personal violence (Emminghaus, Kimmel, & Steward as cited in Kimmel, 1999). The horrible atrocities, mass rapes, and ethnic cleansing of the wars in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Bosnia, and Guatemala are exemplary of the primal violence that characterizes cultural wars. Tragic examples of the destruction of human life and human rights throughout our history include the following: Nazi Holocaust and genocide of 6.5 million Jews. genocide of Native Americans. enslavement, lynching, and mass murders of African Americans. genocide of half a million Sinti-Roma peoples during World War II. apartheid in South Africa, genocide of one million Rwandans in the Spring of 1994. slaughter in Sierre Leone. massive killing in the Congo. genocide of two million Cambodians between 1975–1979. genocide of Armenians. wars just short of genocide in Guatemala, Sri Lanka, and Turkey. religious and ethnic warfare in the former Yugoslavia, mass killing in Bosnia. 30 years of bloodshed in Northern Ireland. 23 years of ethnic conflict in Afghanistan. Israeli-Palestinian conflict which has escalated beyond a low-level ethnic war. ethnic conflicts in Burma, Tibet, Thailand, Vietnam, Iraq, Lebanon, and Sudan.
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Psychology and Buddhism From Indivi
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Psychology and Buddhism From Indivi
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To my husband Ron Dockett and my Bu
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viii Contributors Richard P. Hayes,
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Acknowledgments This book is the pr
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xiv Contents 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
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Introduction G. Rita Dudley-Grant,
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Introduction 3 Daisaku Ikeda (2001)
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Introduction 5 Part II: Healing and
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Introduction 7 well-being, increasi
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Introduction 9 (i.e., stopping, cal
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Chapter 1 On the Path of the Buddha
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On the Path of the Buddha 15 pleasu
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On the Path of the Buddha 17 but in
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On the Path of the Buddha 19 The Bu
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On the Path of the Buddha 21 Thus i
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On the Path of the Buddha 23 Buddhi
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On the Path of the Buddha 25 time o
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On the Path of the Buddha 27 having
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On the Path of the Buddha 29 a cloi
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On the Path of the Buddha 31 And mo
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On the Path of the Buddha 33 to hav
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On the Path of the Buddha 35 essent
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On the Path of the Buddha 37 (cf.,
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On the Path of the Buddha 39 optimi
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On the Path of the Buddha 41 primar
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On the Path of the Buddha 43 psycho
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Chapter 2 Five Manifestations of th
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Five Manifestations of the Buddha 4
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72 Edward S. Ragsdale This relation
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74 Edward S. Ragsdale receives diff
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76 Edward S. Ragsdale Before consid
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78 sense of reality we impute to th
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80 Edward S. Ragsdale identical wit
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82 Edward S. Ragsdale Skandha is th
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84 Edward S. Ragsdale Attraction, a
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86 Edward S. Ragsdale K. Venkata Ra
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88 Edward S. Ragsdale dependent upo
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90 Edward S. Ragsdale Here it is ne
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92 Edward S. Ragsdale may not yet h
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94 Edward S. Ragsdale process would
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96 Edward S. Ragsdale authentic rea
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98 Edward S. Ragsdale a basis to ex
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100 Edward S. Ragsdale Henle, M. (1
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Chapter 4 Buddhism, Psychology, and
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Buddhism, Psychology, and Addiction
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Chapter 5 Suffering from Biobabble
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Suffering from Biobabble 127 Biobab
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Suffering from Biobabble 129 oursel
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Suffering from Biobabble 131 Search
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Suffering from Biobabble 133 explai
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Suffering from Biobabble address th
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Suffering from Biobabble 137 fluid
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Chapter 6 Role of Responsibility in
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Responsibility in Daseinsanalysis a
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162 Richard P. Hayes to reality. Ra
Page 170 and 171: 164 Richard P. Hayes Preceded by pe
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Page 174 and 175: 168 neglecting the needs of the poo
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Page 178 and 179: 174 Kathleen H. Dockett This paucit
Page 180 and 181: 176 Kathleen H. Dockett competencie
Page 182 and 183: 178 Kathleen H. Dockett the face of
Page 184 and 185: 180 Kathleen H. Dockett Parallels t
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Page 188 and 189: 184 Kathleen H. Dockett cognitive t
Page 190 and 191: 186 Belief system Kathleen H. Docke
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Page 200 and 201: 196 Kathleen H. Dockett Rappaport,
Page 202 and 203: 198 Leonard A. Jason and John Morit
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Buddhist Social Principles 267 Mind
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Buddhist Social Principles 269 Resp
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Buddhist Social Principles 271 Thic
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Buddhist Social Principles 273 Refe
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Chapter13 On the Path to Peace and
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On the Path to Peace 279 Alleviatio
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On the Path to Peace 281 originatio
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On the Path to Peace 283 we have de
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On the Path to Peace 285 I call upo
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About the Editors C. Peter Bankart,
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290 Author Index Dockett, K. H., 11
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292 Author Index Salem, D. A., 7,10
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294 Subject Index Asavas, 267 Asch,
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296 Subject Index Community psychol
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298 Subject Index Empowerment (cont
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300 Subject Index Helplessness, 178
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302 Subject Index Malevolence, Budd
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304 Subject Index Psychiatry Buddhi
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306 Subject Index Sigàlaka Sutta,
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308 Subject Index Universe, as syst
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