A Basic Course in Anthropological Linguistics (Studies in Linguistic ...

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SENTENCES 93 As a follow-up study, I instructed a group of my students at the University of Toronto in 2000 to examine the kinds of sentences used typically by each of the above comedians as part of their humorous styles. The students collected tapes of TV programs, movies, and (in some cases) books. Each of the above descriptor categories was given a number: Carson-Thomas-Skelton-Hope = 1, Fields-mg-Williams = 2, Rickles-Belushi = 3, Paulson-Newhart = 4, Knotts = 5, Ball-Martin-Diller = 6, Davis, Jr.-Wilson
94 A BASK COURSE IN ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS The chart is self-explanatory. It shows that the choice of descriptive adjective in the original study was lrkely influenced in part by type and length of sentence used by the comedians as part of their style: e.g., those comedians labeled as quick had an average sentence length of 5.8; those labeled as talented an average length of 10.5; those labeled as insulting had a comparable sentence length to those labeled as quick (6. l), but were differentiated in the fact that they used emphatic sentences. It is interesting to note that those comedians labeled as talented had a style that is very similar to “academic speech,” with long elaborate sentences. There is, of course, much more to humor than ths. But overall, it is fair to say that the way in which words are put together, the length of sentences, and the mode of sentence construction convey a certain “feel” to the humor that people seem to interpret in specific ways. THE LEXICON Recall the nonsense sentence on page 87 one more time. As discussed, its morphological and syntactic properties are what made us perceive it as a potential sentence in English. In bare outline, these properties can be shown as follows: The . . ./-ing/ . . ./-s/ ... /-ed the (noun) at the (noun) . . ./-ly/ 1 1 1 L 1 1 1 1 1 1 The pluming rasinkers kirked the rampix at the minter pintically Now, as this analysis makes clear, the insertion of real morphemes from the English lexicon into the above slots requires knowledge of both the meaning of words and their structural profile. This kind of knowledge is called lexical insertion. The lexicon is a particular kind of dictionary that contains not only the meaning of items, but also their syntactic specification, known as subcategorization. Thus, for example, the verb put would be subcategorized with the syntactic specification that it must be followed by a noun phrase and a prepositional phrase (e.g., Iput the book on the table). Thus, it cannot replace kirked above. On the other hand, played would fit nicely. But then the other words that precede and follow it must have semantic and syntactic features that make sense in the given slots. Here is one possibility:
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A Basic Course in Anthropological L
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A Basic Course in Anthropological L
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Table of Contents Preface .........
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Metaphor ..........................
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Preface Language is a truly fascina
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Without words to objectify and cate
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 3 languages the s
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 5 Saussure’s ap
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 7 as computationa
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 9 language utiliz
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 11 making the wor
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 13 Although there
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 15 chairrnan, spo
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 17 for example, s
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 19 they are unabl
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 21 who had suffer
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Language is a part of our organism
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THE OFUGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LANGUAG
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THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LANGUAG
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THE ORTGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LANGUAG
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Page 54 and 55: THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LANGUAG
Page 56 and 57: THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LANGUAG
Page 58 and 59: A linguistic system is a series of
Page 60 and 61: SOUNDS 49 Sounds made by touching t
Page 62 and 63: Main Points of Articulation: SOUNDS
Page 64 and 65: SOUNDS 53 English living in Alabama
Page 66 and 67: SOUNDS 55 If a phoneme has variants
Page 68 and 69: SOUNDS 57 other by means of a compl
Page 70 and 71: SOUNDS 59 Distinctive features also
Page 72 and 73: ~ ~ SOUNDS 61 Syllables with Primar
Page 74 and 75: SOUNDS 63 In some languages, such a
Page 76 and 77: SOUNDS 65 that we hardly ever notic
Page 78 and 79: flee float fly SOUNDS 67 On the oth
Page 80 and 81: Give the people a new word and they
Page 82 and 83: WORDS 71 inflected classes (such as
Page 84 and 85: THE MORPHEME WORDS 73 The bits and
Page 86 and 87: WORDS 75 There are two other types
Page 88 and 89: WORDS 77 This suggests, of course,
Page 90 and 91: ZIPF’S LAW AGAIN WORDS 79 Recall
Page 92 and 93: WORDS 81 Abbreviations save effort.
Page 94 and 95: WORDS 83 The American linguist Jose
Page 96 and 97: The words of the world want to make
Page 98 and 99: SENTENCES 87 The hierarchical struc
Page 100 and 101: SENTENCES 89 complement (or object)
Page 102 and 103: SENTENCES 91 For example, uttering
Page 106 and 107: SENTENCES 95 The . . ./-ingl . . ./
Page 108 and 109: SENTENCES 97 timeline on which spec
Page 110 and 111: For a large class of cases-though n
Page 112 and 113: MEANINGS 101 The three referents to
Page 114 and 115: MEANINGS 103 a legislative assembly
Page 116 and 117: or [-canine] - [+canine] dog (male)
Page 118 and 119: MEANINGS 107 connotations, namely t
Page 120 and 121: MEANINGS 109 We do not detect the p
Page 122 and 123: MEANINGS 111 thnlung] was rendered
Page 124 and 125: (3) We don’t hire crew cuts. MEAN
Page 126 and 127: MEANINGS 115 ~~ Evil Good Appropria
Page 128 and 129: MEANINGS 117 he called gesticulants
Page 130 and 131: MEANINGS 119 given names come from
Page 132 and 133: You can stroke people with words. E
Page 134 and 135: DISCOURSE AND VARIATION 123 other k
Page 136 and 137: explicating family relations explic
Page 138 and 139: DISCOURSE AND VARIATION 127 (4) a c
Page 140 and 141: DISCOURSE AND VARIATION 129 or she
Page 142 and 143: DISCOURSE AND VA€”TION 131 Gend
Page 144 and 145: DISCOURSE AND VARLATION 133 Today,
Page 146 and 147: DISCOURSE AND VAFUATION 135 English
Page 148 and 149: All objects, all phases of culture
Page 150 and 151: LANGUAGE AND REALITY 139 0-0 1. 2 .
Page 152 and 153: LANGUAGE AND REALlTY 141 relations
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c English Salisb Sahaptit Chinook S
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LANGUAGE AND REALITY 145 brown, pur
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METAPHOR LANGUAGE AND REALITY 147 T
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LANGUAGE AND REALITY 149 In Modern
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LANGUAGE AND REALITY 151 Arizona. A
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LANGUAGE AND REALITY 153 it enters
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9 8 LANGUAGE AND REALITY Side Grow
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LANGUAGE AND REALITY 157 The Greeks
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CONCLUDING REMARKS LANGUAGE AND REA
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CHAPTER 1 Activities and Topics for
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CHAPTER 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ACTI
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ACTIVITIES AND TOPICS FOR DISCUSSIO
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A addressee addresser affii allopho
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cohesive gesture communicative comp
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G gambit generative grammar GLOSSAR
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locutionary act logograph M manner
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eferential function register repair
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vocalization voicing vowel GLOSSARY
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Cited Works and General Bibliograph
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CITED WORKS AND GENERAL, BIBLIOGRAP
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CITEiD WORKS AND GENERAL BIBLIOGRAP
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CITED WORKS AND GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPH
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A abbreviations, 79-8 1 acronyms, 7
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metaphor, role of, 147-153 proverbi
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illocutionary act, 184 image schema
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emotional meaning, 1 18 figurative,
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eality, and language color terminol
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gesture theory, 26-28 La-La theory,
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