A Basic Course in Anthropological Linguistics (Studies in Linguistic ...

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ZIPF’S LAW AGAIN WORDS 79 Recall Zipf’s Law, which states basically that the more frequently a word or expression is used, the more likely it will be replaced by a shorter equivalent. More generally, it claims that language forms are being constantly condensed, abbreviated, reduced, or eliminated in order to minimize the effort expended to produce and use them. Zipf’s Law can be seen to manifest itself across languages in similar ways. For example, it can be seen to undergird the following abbreviations and acronyms: ad = advertisement photo =photograph NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization laser = light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation 24/7 = 24 hours a day, seven days a week Some abbreviations are formed with only the initial letters of a word, as when Feb. is used to stand for February. Other abbreviations are created with the first and last letters, as when VTis used to stand for Vermont. Key letters in a word or phrase may also be used+.g., VCR for videocassette recorder. Here are some common examples in English: M AAA MU AC AIDS a.k.a. AZA AM AMA anon. fP assn. assoc. asst. m atty. ave. Alcoholics Anonymous; Associate in Arts American Automobile Association Amateur Athletic Union alternating current acquired immunodeficiency syndrome also known as American Library Association amplitude modulation American Medical Association anonymous Associated Press association associate; association assistant automated teller machine attorney avenue
80 A BASIC COURSE IN ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS blvd. Cal. CBC CD CEO CIA c/o co. COD corp. DA Dc DNA Dr. EPA HIA ESP ETA I3-J FBI GNP hr. IBM inc. IQ Ltd. mPh no. P. PBS Pc PIN Rev. ROM St. UFO us VIP Xmas boulevard calorie (heat) Canadian Broadcasting Corporation compact disc chief executive officer Central Intelligence Agency in care of company; county cash on delivery; collect on delivery corporation district attorney direct current deoxyribonucleic acid doctor Environmental Protection Agency Equal Rights Amendment extrasensory perception estimated time of arrival EuropeanUnion Federal Bureau of Investigation gross national product hour International Business Machines Corporation incorporated; including intelligence quotient Limited miles per hour number Page Public Broadcasting System personal computer personal identification number Reverend read-only memory Saint; street unidentified flying object United States very important person Christmas
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A Basic Course in Anthropological L
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A Basic Course in Anthropological L
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Table of Contents Preface .........
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Metaphor ..........................
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Preface Language is a truly fascina
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Without words to objectify and cate
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 3 languages the s
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 5 Saussure’s ap
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 7 as computationa
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 9 language utiliz
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 11 making the wor
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 13 Although there
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 15 chairrnan, spo
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 17 for example, s
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 19 they are unabl
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LINGUISTIC METHOD 21 who had suffer
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Language is a part of our organism
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THE OFUGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LANGUAG
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THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LANGUAG
Page 40 and 41: THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LANGUAG
Page 48 and 49: THE ORTGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LANGUAG
Page 58 and 59: A linguistic system is a series of
Page 60 and 61: SOUNDS 49 Sounds made by touching t
Page 62 and 63: Main Points of Articulation: SOUNDS
Page 64 and 65: SOUNDS 53 English living in Alabama
Page 66 and 67: SOUNDS 55 If a phoneme has variants
Page 68 and 69: SOUNDS 57 other by means of a compl
Page 70 and 71: SOUNDS 59 Distinctive features also
Page 72 and 73: ~ ~ SOUNDS 61 Syllables with Primar
Page 74 and 75: SOUNDS 63 In some languages, such a
Page 76 and 77: SOUNDS 65 that we hardly ever notic
Page 78 and 79: flee float fly SOUNDS 67 On the oth
Page 80 and 81: Give the people a new word and they
Page 82 and 83: WORDS 71 inflected classes (such as
Page 84 and 85: THE MORPHEME WORDS 73 The bits and
Page 86 and 87: WORDS 75 There are two other types
Page 88 and 89: WORDS 77 This suggests, of course,
Page 92 and 93: WORDS 81 Abbreviations save effort.
Page 94 and 95: WORDS 83 The American linguist Jose
Page 96 and 97: The words of the world want to make
Page 98 and 99: SENTENCES 87 The hierarchical struc
Page 100 and 101: SENTENCES 89 complement (or object)
Page 102 and 103: SENTENCES 91 For example, uttering
Page 104 and 105: SENTENCES 93 As a follow-up study,
Page 106 and 107: SENTENCES 95 The . . ./-ingl . . ./
Page 108 and 109: SENTENCES 97 timeline on which spec
Page 110 and 111: For a large class of cases-though n
Page 112 and 113: MEANINGS 101 The three referents to
Page 114 and 115: MEANINGS 103 a legislative assembly
Page 116 and 117: or [-canine] - [+canine] dog (male)
Page 118 and 119: MEANINGS 107 connotations, namely t
Page 120 and 121: MEANINGS 109 We do not detect the p
Page 122 and 123: MEANINGS 111 thnlung] was rendered
Page 124 and 125: (3) We don’t hire crew cuts. MEAN
Page 126 and 127: MEANINGS 115 ~~ Evil Good Appropria
Page 128 and 129: MEANINGS 117 he called gesticulants
Page 130 and 131: MEANINGS 119 given names come from
Page 132 and 133: You can stroke people with words. E
Page 134 and 135: DISCOURSE AND VARIATION 123 other k
Page 136 and 137: explicating family relations explic
Page 138 and 139: DISCOURSE AND VARIATION 127 (4) a c
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DISCOURSE AND VARIATION 129 or she
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DISCOURSE AND VA€”TION 131 Gend
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DISCOURSE AND VARLATION 133 Today,
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DISCOURSE AND VAFUATION 135 English
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All objects, all phases of culture
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LANGUAGE AND REALITY 139 0-0 1. 2 .
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LANGUAGE AND REALlTY 141 relations
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c English Salisb Sahaptit Chinook S
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LANGUAGE AND REALITY 145 brown, pur
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METAPHOR LANGUAGE AND REALITY 147 T
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LANGUAGE AND REALITY 149 In Modern
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LANGUAGE AND REALITY 151 Arizona. A
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LANGUAGE AND REALITY 153 it enters
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9 8 LANGUAGE AND REALITY Side Grow
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LANGUAGE AND REALITY 157 The Greeks
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CONCLUDING REMARKS LANGUAGE AND REA
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CHAPTER 1 Activities and Topics for
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CHAPTER 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ACTI
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ACTIVITIES AND TOPICS FOR DISCUSSIO
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A addressee addresser affii allopho
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cohesive gesture communicative comp
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G gambit generative grammar GLOSSAR
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locutionary act logograph M manner
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eferential function register repair
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vocalization voicing vowel GLOSSARY
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Cited Works and General Bibliograph
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CITED WORKS AND GENERAL, BIBLIOGRAP
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CITEiD WORKS AND GENERAL BIBLIOGRAP
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CITED WORKS AND GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPH
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A abbreviations, 79-8 1 acronyms, 7
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metaphor, role of, 147-153 proverbi
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illocutionary act, 184 image schema
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emotional meaning, 1 18 figurative,
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eality, and language color terminol
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gesture theory, 26-28 La-La theory,
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