A Basic Course in Anthropological Linguistics (Studies in Linguistic ...

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THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE 45 a remarkable communication system, it is still vastly different from language, as Hockett showed by comparing the two as follows: Feature Bee Dancing Language Auditory-vocal channel Broadcast transmission and directional reception Rapid fading Interchangeability Total feedback Specialization Semanticity Arbitrariness Discreteness Displacement Productivity Traditional transmission Duality of patterning no Yes ? limited ? 9 Yes no no Yes Yes probably not no Although many more features apply to the communicative behaviors observed in primates who have been taught a version of human language, in no primate other than the human one do all these operate in tandem. The primate experiments have revealed, nevertheless, a series of truly fascinating and important things: (1) human language is unique; (2) nevertheless, aspects of language can be imparted to primates, who have shown many of the intellectual and emotional qualities that were once thought to be exclusively human; (3) as models of early language in the human species, primate speech behaviors are indeed fascinating in themselves; and (4) there is an awful lot we do not know both about ourselves and about animals. CONCLUDING REMARKS The question of language origins is a fascinating one on many counts. Using mainly reconstruction concepts such as core vocabularies, sound symbolism,
46 A BASIC COURSE IN ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS and time depth, the current work on language origins is shedding some valuable light on how language and culture might have originated in tandem. Often, the linguist must delve into the history and evolution of cognate forms in order to establish what they mean. Historical change can affect all components of language. Consider, as one last example, how some Latin words have changed in meaning after they developed into Italian forms: ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~ ~ word Original Meaning Italian Form New Meaning DOMU(S) “house” duomo “dome” CASA(M) “shack” casa “house” CABALLU(S) “work horse” cavallo “horse (in general)” Incorporating the diachronic dimension into the description of a language has, in fact, always distinguished anthropological method from other linguistic approaches.
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A Basic Course in Anthropological L
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A Basic Course in Anthropological L
Page 6 and 7: Table of Contents Preface .........
Page 8 and 9: Metaphor ..........................
Page 10 and 11: Preface Language is a truly fascina
Page 12 and 13: Without words to objectify and cate
Page 14 and 15: LINGUISTIC METHOD 3 languages the s
Page 16 and 17: LINGUISTIC METHOD 5 Saussure’s ap
Page 18 and 19: LINGUISTIC METHOD 7 as computationa
Page 20 and 21: LINGUISTIC METHOD 9 language utiliz
Page 22 and 23: LINGUISTIC METHOD 11 making the wor
Page 24 and 25: LINGUISTIC METHOD 13 Although there
Page 26 and 27: LINGUISTIC METHOD 15 chairrnan, spo
Page 28 and 29: LINGUISTIC METHOD 17 for example, s
Page 30 and 31: LINGUISTIC METHOD 19 they are unabl
Page 32 and 33: LINGUISTIC METHOD 21 who had suffer
Page 34 and 35: Language is a part of our organism
Page 36 and 37: THE OFUGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LANGUAG
Page 38 and 39: THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LANGUAG
Page 48 and 49: THE ORTGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LANGUAG
Page 58 and 59: A linguistic system is a series of
Page 60 and 61: SOUNDS 49 Sounds made by touching t
Page 62 and 63: Main Points of Articulation: SOUNDS
Page 64 and 65: SOUNDS 53 English living in Alabama
Page 66 and 67: SOUNDS 55 If a phoneme has variants
Page 68 and 69: SOUNDS 57 other by means of a compl
Page 70 and 71: SOUNDS 59 Distinctive features also
Page 72 and 73: ~ ~ SOUNDS 61 Syllables with Primar
Page 74 and 75: SOUNDS 63 In some languages, such a
Page 76 and 77: SOUNDS 65 that we hardly ever notic
Page 78 and 79: flee float fly SOUNDS 67 On the oth
Page 80 and 81: Give the people a new word and they
Page 82 and 83: WORDS 71 inflected classes (such as
Page 84 and 85: THE MORPHEME WORDS 73 The bits and
Page 86 and 87: WORDS 75 There are two other types
Page 88 and 89: WORDS 77 This suggests, of course,
Page 90 and 91: ZIPF’S LAW AGAIN WORDS 79 Recall
Page 92 and 93: WORDS 81 Abbreviations save effort.
Page 94 and 95: WORDS 83 The American linguist Jose
Page 96 and 97: The words of the world want to make
Page 98 and 99: SENTENCES 87 The hierarchical struc
Page 100 and 101: SENTENCES 89 complement (or object)
Page 102 and 103: SENTENCES 91 For example, uttering
Page 104 and 105: SENTENCES 93 As a follow-up study,
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SENTENCES 95 The . . ./-ingl . . ./
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SENTENCES 97 timeline on which spec
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For a large class of cases-though n
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MEANINGS 101 The three referents to
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MEANINGS 103 a legislative assembly
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or [-canine] - [+canine] dog (male)
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MEANINGS 107 connotations, namely t
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MEANINGS 109 We do not detect the p
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MEANINGS 111 thnlung] was rendered
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(3) We don’t hire crew cuts. MEAN
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MEANINGS 115 ~~ Evil Good Appropria
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MEANINGS 117 he called gesticulants
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MEANINGS 119 given names come from
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You can stroke people with words. E
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DISCOURSE AND VARIATION 123 other k
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explicating family relations explic
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DISCOURSE AND VARIATION 127 (4) a c
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DISCOURSE AND VARIATION 129 or she
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DISCOURSE AND VA€”TION 131 Gend
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DISCOURSE AND VARLATION 133 Today,
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DISCOURSE AND VAFUATION 135 English
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All objects, all phases of culture
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LANGUAGE AND REALITY 139 0-0 1. 2 .
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LANGUAGE AND REALlTY 141 relations
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c English Salisb Sahaptit Chinook S
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LANGUAGE AND REALITY 145 brown, pur
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METAPHOR LANGUAGE AND REALITY 147 T
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LANGUAGE AND REALITY 149 In Modern
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LANGUAGE AND REALITY 151 Arizona. A
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LANGUAGE AND REALITY 153 it enters
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9 8 LANGUAGE AND REALITY Side Grow
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LANGUAGE AND REALITY 157 The Greeks
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CONCLUDING REMARKS LANGUAGE AND REA
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CHAPTER 1 Activities and Topics for
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CHAPTER 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ACTI
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ACTIVITIES AND TOPICS FOR DISCUSSIO
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A addressee addresser affii allopho
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cohesive gesture communicative comp
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G gambit generative grammar GLOSSAR
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locutionary act logograph M manner
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eferential function register repair
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vocalization voicing vowel GLOSSARY
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Cited Works and General Bibliograph
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CITED WORKS AND GENERAL, BIBLIOGRAP
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CITEiD WORKS AND GENERAL BIBLIOGRAP
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CITED WORKS AND GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPH
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A abbreviations, 79-8 1 acronyms, 7
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metaphor, role of, 147-153 proverbi
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illocutionary act, 184 image schema
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emotional meaning, 1 18 figurative,
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eality, and language color terminol
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gesture theory, 26-28 La-La theory,
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