ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSIS OF TER ITOMYCES ...

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5.6*3 Fungi doveloping on incubated Macrotermes belliconus fungus comb 5.6A Fungi developing on Incubated Macrotermes bellicosus fungus comb 5&6*5 Growth oflXXIaria after 122 days incubation on SP medium Plates 5-AX Growth of X-Y-laria, after 5 days incubation on SF medium plates 5*8*1 Washing apparatus 270 5.8.2 Mean number of fungi frora wa3lnrater from the foodstore 271 5.0.3 Mean number of fungi from washwater from fungus comb 272 7-6.1 Amount of nitrogen In different components of the 10. Macrotermes bellicosua nest system 355 Thirty figures in all, 238 238 239 240
LIST <strong>OF</strong> TABLES 1, egends have been abbreviated In many cases., 2*lol Chemical and particle size analyses of soils from the fieldworic sites 40 2*2el Monthly rainfall figures for Mokwa 42 2*24 Monthly temperature figures for Mokwa 44 3-1-1 Growth and appearance of Termitomyces cultures on PAGE media containing antibiotics 75 3ole2 Antifungal substances preventing the growth of TermitomXces 76 31ol*3 Diameter and appearance oflermlt2MLces colonies on media containing antifungal substances 77 361.4 Growth of TermitgMees and contaminating fungi on media contaWng antLfungal wid growth promoting substances 39105 Number of fungal colonies developing from spores on plates of different media 95 3e2el Comparison of mycotOtes washed In Hiltons Fluid and unwashed mycotfites 100 3-3-1 Analysis of variance on the diameters of Termitomyces cultures on Day 7- First experiment 103 3-3-2 Analysis of variance on the diameters of Termitonffces cultures on Day 14., First experiment 103 3-3-3 Analysis of variance on the diameters of Termitomyces cultures on Day 15o Second experiment 104 34-4 Analysis of variance of growth of Termitowyces cultures during the 2nd veek 104 3*3-5 Analysis of variance of relative growth rates of Termitomyces cultures during the 2nd week 107 3*3.6 lUblished. values for the temperature of Macrotermitinae nests 115 3.4.1 Analysis of variance of the diameters of Termitomyces cultures on day 11 122 3.4.2 Initial and final pH of the medium 129 3.5.1 Analysis of variance on the diameters of Termitomyces cultures on day 14. First experiment 133 8 1* 11.
Page 1 and 2: ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSI
Page 3 and 4: The establishment of Tennisces in n
Page 5 and 6: 3*1,5 The effect on spore geminatio
Page 7 and 8: 5-7 PRI-: VMTION OF SPORE CM1111NAT
Page 9: LIST OF FIGURES Legends have been a
Page 13 and 14: 5.2.6 Fungi cultured by direct isol
Page 15 and 16: 6.21.6 The first flight and appeara
Page 17 and 18: LIST OP PLATES Leoends have been ab
Page 19 and 20: GENMAL INTRODUCTION Termites are In
Page 21 and 22: Popudacanthotermes Ethiopian 2 Spha
Page 23 and 24: (Bela perse comj, China (Cheo, 1948
Page 25 and 26: alAPrER ONP A HISTORY OF THE STUDY
Page 27 and 28: there van a connection between the
Page 29 and 30: etween A. duthipi and the basidioca
Page 31 and 32: Intentionally by the termites and r
Page 33 and 34: MAKER " WO GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
Page 35 and 36: plots remained as woodland, 2 were
Page 37 and 38: p5 4 Experimentý! _ý, Plots ß. %
Page 39 and 40: TAMZ 2olol ChemIc&I and particle si
Page 41 and 42: TABLE 2.2.1 Monthly rainfall figure
Page 43 and 44: ff, tn II c14 21 CII ID Ct 8 U b- 4
Page 45 and 46: -ff C: ) 0 CO 0 (0 6060,0', 6::.. 0
Page 47 and 48: The soldiers may also be dimorphic,
Page 49 and 50: PLATE 2.3.1. Macrotermes bellicosus
Page 51 and 52: 2.3-2 SPECIES OF TMtITES STUDIED An
Page 53 and 54: season (Collins 1977)o It forages u
Page 55 and 56: PLATE 2.3.2 Ancistrotermes cavithor
Page 58: PIATE 2.3.4 Macrotermes bellicosus
Page 61 and 62:
. OWIA fr/ o"m law pp ,. 1, ýP, --
Page 63 and 64:
,.; ý; I.. 4, .. . 4, WL r7.. I It
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They forage an the surface in the w
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MIC. 1 toots CAL& Ail
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2.4.1 TMMXTOMYCES IN NATURE 2*4 TMM
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CHAPTEn WEE DETERMINATION OF ISOIAT
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depth was the same for all plates a
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0,05 ol-l (Eckert et al. 1961)- As
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(e) Cornmeal agar CUS04- 51lqO@ (g)
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and Penicilliun. Several Banidlomyc
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(e) Sorbic acid Sorble acid at 0.05
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TABLE 3*lo2 Antifungal substances p
Page 85 and 86:
- uu b- nnmn 0000 %_. §.. A %. 0 W
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ý1- old ý 0 ýa 1. -0 . -% 0 I. A
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3-1.3-',, ', ConclusiOns (1) Substa
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Q2 bw- 0 ). d 5. 8 (+ 0 c (2 c: :1
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0 0o1: 1, .n R a I- ? in p pp 6- 0
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'"l r 8 (A fl- bo. '2 lot. a -4 1-
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(1) Substances appearino to be unsu
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slight controlling Offect on the _P
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CWI (3) - MI + Denlate (OoOl gl-Jý
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I II It UU f) n oo (D iD aa bd. to
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distilled water 19000 ml Kl'. ': IP
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3*2*3 ]RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The r
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3.3,1 3-3 DETEMINATION OF THE OPTIK
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TABLE, 3.3.3 Analysis of variance o
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SLn3 21 MOC 240C 290C 320C 350C 20K
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Mean diameter of colony (m m) 16-1
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FIGURE 3.3-3. Mean diameter of Term
Page 119 and 120:
Mean diameter of colony (M m) 16 14
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Change in mean diametE (mm) 1 day 1
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[3-[3 Macrotermes bellicosus A-A M.
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3-3-4 DISCUSSION The growth curves
Page 127 and 128:
Tbis species in not mound building
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3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 3*4 MMIMNATION O
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Between rIlls Interaction 4. o - 4-
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OD 154 4. o 4.3 4.6 4.9 5. " 5.5 4.
Page 135 and 136:
Mean 15 I diameter 13 I 9 1 7 5 of
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 20 -t
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tolerant of low 01 values than thos
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3.5 GROWTH OF DIFFERWT TLP-MITOMYCE
Page 143 and 144:
FIGURE 3-5-1- (a), (b)v (c), (d), (
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16- Me an 1 0 diameter of colony (m
Page 147 and 148:
TABLE 3-5.12 Analysis of variance o
Page 149 and 150:
TABLZ 3.5.3 The growth of Termitomy
Page 151 and 152:
FIGURE 3.5.2. Regression of growth
Page 153 and 154:
CHAPTEn FOUR TERHITOWCES IN CULTURE
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44 (A ig In tr ý (+ re- m 0 fD r (
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to F IR 0 0 t oe l l. aW 0 ýa 9)-
Page 159:
AN 93
Page 164:
IS 5' SI PLATE Termitomyces culture
Page 168:
PLATE 4.1.2. TermitomIces cultures
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TA= 4,1,3 production of cultural my
Page 175 and 176:
TABLE 4.1.5 Production of mycotUtes
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more favourable for their productio
Page 179 and 180:
#W. FA 40 60 0 P. * n ic 3 32 f+ ti
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": I p I a *m. ". 4 S 0 (+ 11 3 -%A
Page 183 and 184:
1649 FIGURZ 4*2*1* Lengtb, of Termi
Page 185 and 186:
FIGURE 4.2*2. Width of Termitomyces
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4.2.3 -PISCUSSION Spores were not p
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4.3.1 MMUDS 4.3 BLASTMPME, GMMINATI
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a0 FiGuRE 4.3-1- (a)q (b), (c), Pro
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4.3.3 DISCUSSION The blastospores g
Page 195 and 196:
5-1-1 INTPODUCTION 5.1 HMIMS In ord
Page 197 and 198:
The Isolation of Termft2=ces, posiD
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developing on the plates. %- The nu
Page 201 and 202:
TABLE 5*14 Number of fungal colonie
Page 203 and 204:
5 days when the fungi were assigned
Page 205 and 206:
circumferences of queen cell (Plate
Page 207:
PLATZ- 5.2.1, Fungus comb removed f
Page 210 and 211:
TABLE 5*3*1 The dimensionx of vario
Page 212 and 213:
TA13LE 5,2.5 Density of Macrotermes
Page 214 and 215:
J*- i 0--k M0 '0 0 b-0 101 1.0 V 42
Page 216 and 217:
i TABLE 5*2.8 Analysis of variance
Page 218 and 219:
1 TABLE !;, 2*10 Similarities In fu
Page 220 and 221:
After approximately I week In the n
Page 222 and 223:
time In the foodstore-lUngua comb s
Page 224 and 225:
TABLE 5., 2*12 Mean number of Terml
Page 226 and 227:
Discussion In comparing Tables 5-2*
Page 228 and 229:
TABLE 5.2olt& Presence of bolus In
Page 230 and 231:
m 10 0 Md re m La 0 > r 1 eg o V3 (
Page 232 and 233:
5-3-1 IIMZODUCTICV AND MVIODS 5-3 M
Page 234 and 235:
D 0*0 ft *** a siqnlficaný dIffere
Page 236 and 237:
5,3*3 DISCUSSION There In a signifi
Page 238 and 239:
"'"30 plates of "ch medium were set
Page 240 and 241:
TADLE 5.4.2 He= number of t=gal tol
Page 242 and 243:
The levels of significant differenc
Page 244 and 245:
222o NUMB NURSE FORAGERS FORAGERS W
Page 246 and 247:
On the selective medium dilution pl
Page 248 and 249:
ýo 9 n er e 2: le 0-ý n 9 bm 2ý
Page 250 and 251:
In the dloostive system of H, belli
Page 252 and 253:
and Singh, Ungh and Singh (ITIO) ob
Page 254 and 255:
Table 5-6-1 Fungi developing on Inc
Page 256 and 257:
4 cr ic %-C " loo R. V Put f+ 0 OV
Page 258 and 259:
TABLE 596A Foodstore afterý one ye
Page 260 and 261:
1 FIGURE 5.6-3. Fungi developing on
Page 262 and 263:
A . - X. '.. p ". 2 Xylaria . x. K
Page 264 and 265:
N p ir
Page 267 and 268:
PLATE 5.6.5. Soil plastered over in
Page 269 and 270:
Discussion There was very little fu
Page 271 and 272:
(1) xylaria nIqri]2ex Known ýrm Af
Page 273 and 274:
Sordarin f1micala and Epicoccum nip
Page 275 and 276:
The appcarance of the foodstore aft
Page 277 and 278:
all species of termitest and Smay b
Page 279 and 280:
loottbmley mul Fuller 1921, Trinerv
Page 281 and 282:
from the wound and unworked soil fr
Page 283 and 284:
Discussion The. soil freshly worked
Page 285 and 286:
P. b44 >d 4 * 9 6ý a to b-ä- bo.
Page 287 and 288:
Comparing the results. of both sets
Page 289 and 290:
Discussion DLfferent ruggostions ha
Page 291 and 292:
gastric juice so that It became a m
Page 293 and 294:
5.8.1 INTRODMTION 5,11 VAIMING TECH
Page 295 and 296:
1 --) D .1 7 8 270a FIGURE 5.8.1. W
Page 297 and 298:
mean number of fungi 25 2C Washwate
Page 299 and 300:
and TrIchoderma Are usually isolate
Page 301 and 302:
6.1 MGZ IN SOILS, 6.1*1 FLTML POPUL
Page 303 and 304:
u c NSD u T5 n TV **o m T!; NSD - 0
Page 305 and 306:
TOM 6.1.4 Siodlarities In fungal sp
Page 307 and 308:
was from a similar area althouoh wi
Page 309 and 310:
0-5 ". 5-50 0-5 Pit A 5-25 2!; -50
Page 311 and 312:
horizons of the soil (Swift 1976),
Page 313 and 314:
plates to'datermine the generaj ran
Page 315 and 316:
1 ri e c: 1 f3 &2 1 cr M 1 n tD n W
Page 317 and 318:
Dizcufý. Asion The results show th
Page 319 and 320:
6*2*2 ''EIASIDICCARP PRODUCTION IN
Page 321 and 322:
296. Termit2=ps microcarpupq from C
Page 323 and 324:
Fit 4 "0 w 00 6o ý; &I mP rA C: 4
Page 325 and 326:
a 9 9 9 In 10 . 0% 61 06 ic e f* 32
Page 327 and 328:
Discussion (1) Association between
Page 329 and 330:
in Table 6.2.7 miy be Indorrects If
Page 331 and 332:
which-aro 2-4 cm in diameter and di
Page 333 and 334:
temperature In tile rAiny season rw
Page 335 and 336:
OLUYrL. n SEVEN WE MYSTOWGICAL MIS
Page 337 and 338:
i w Owl' " p 0 li c vi %A t" S 9 ,
Page 339 and 340:
TABLS 7-1*6 Hoisture contents of my
Page 341 and 342:
cmd In maintained around 93-99% (Il
Page 343 and 344:
7.2.1 ýMIODS, 7.2 I! H The rAi of
Page 345 and 346:
7.2-3 ]DISCUSSION Tho fungus combs,
Page 347 and 348:
7-3-1 INTRODUCTION 7.3 LIGNIN DDGRA
Page 349 and 350:
(b) soft rot, fungi. Under very moi
Page 351 and 352:
7-3-2- )ODIODS (1) Red cabbage extr
Page 353 and 354:
TABLE 7-3-3 Reaction of TermitVycom
Page 355 and 356:
The reactions did not vary In any c
Page 357 and 358:
7.4.1 INTRODUCTION 7.4 CELLULOSE DW
Page 359 and 360:
the solution was read at 595 no aga
Page 361 and 362:
0 :1 1 m 1 JAN 5 k*O 10 ýe ý tv p
Page 363 and 364:
- «ý 4e _e %, >ýý . *- A. 0ý I
Page 365 and 366:
enz, yme production are affected by
Page 367 and 368:
ut In general the ccab in too acidi
Page 369 and 370:
All those substancea are therefore
Page 371 and 372:
I RR I. fD a) 00 www 99 + W. m 4 ý
Page 373 and 374:
9 2 3 a W. c 5 2 0 Z
Page 375 and 376:
l I r. * t+ bd. n tt o id. 1 9 p th
Page 377 and 378:
Temlt2rm7ces, appears to be unusual
Page 379 and 380:
7-6 MINERAL CbNTr., NT'oF taimmmiT
Page 381 and 382:
FIGURE 7.6.1. Amount of nitrogen in
Page 383 and 384:
0 :s-w w2 ooý. "I 0 I q+ 0) 1A r,
Page 385 and 386:
7-6*3 DISCUSSION Nitro2en in genera
Page 387 and 388:
needed to degrade uric acid nitroge
Page 389 and 390:
on comparing the nutrient content o
Page 391 and 392:
811 =MITOMYCES IN CULTURE Termit=cp
Page 393 and 394:
when they left the-nesto whereas in
Page 395 and 396:
workers with a lower nitrogen requi
Page 397 and 398:
8*4 SIMMIOSIS BETW M- X? 4SMTS AND
Page 399 and 400:
Iý8.5 EVOLUTION OF ME SYMOSIS Tito
Page 401 and 402:
a viable fungus combo Construction
Page 403 and 404:
APPENDICES 376.
Page 405 and 406:
POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR (PDA) water 11
Page 407 and 408:
APPENDIX 2 MILTONS nUID Miltons ste
Page 409 and 410:
0. obscuriceRs (Wasmann) 0. patruus
Page 411 and 412:
Lactarius Pers. ex Gray Lentrn-us c
Page 413 and 414:
APPENDIX 5. STATISTICAL METHODS MEA
Page 415 and 416:
significance was tested at p- o, o5
Page 417 and 418:
(4) (5) ý6) SOURCE OF VARTATION DE
Page 419 and 420:
STUDENTS t-TEIST. COMPARISON OF. IM
Page 421 and 422:
REFERENCES ABO-1alATWA N. (1977). N
Page 423 and 424:
*BUTCHER (1966). Cited by Ka'a"rik
Page 425 and 426:
DESAI A. J. and PANDEY S. N. (1971)
Page 427 and 428:
CRAY T, R, G. and WILL1AMS S. T. (1
Page 429 and 430:
JOHNSON L. F. and CURL E. A. (1972)
Page 431 and 432:
MANDELS M. and 'REESE H. T. (1965).
Page 433 and 434:
OTIENO N. C. (1964). Contributions
Page 435 and 436:
RUELLE J. E. (1970). A reviniqn of
Page 437 and 438:
THORNTON R, H, (1960). Growth of fu
Page 439:
WOOD T. G. and OHIAGU C, E. (1976).
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