- Page 1 and 2:
ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSI
- Page 3 and 4:
The establishment of Tennisces in n
- Page 5 and 6:
3*1,5 The effect on spore geminatio
- Page 7 and 8: 5-7 PRI-: VMTION OF SPORE CM1111NAT
- Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES Legends have been a
- Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES 1, egends have been
- Page 13 and 14: 5.2.6 Fungi cultured by direct isol
- Page 15 and 16: 6.21.6 The first flight and appeara
- Page 17 and 18: LIST OP PLATES Leoends have been ab
- Page 19 and 20: GENMAL INTRODUCTION Termites are In
- Page 21 and 22: Popudacanthotermes Ethiopian 2 Spha
- Page 23 and 24: (Bela perse comj, China (Cheo, 1948
- Page 25 and 26: alAPrER ONP A HISTORY OF THE STUDY
- Page 27 and 28: there van a connection between the
- Page 29 and 30: etween A. duthipi and the basidioca
- Page 31 and 32: Intentionally by the termites and r
- Page 33 and 34: MAKER " WO GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
- Page 35 and 36: plots remained as woodland, 2 were
- Page 37 and 38: p5 4 Experimentý! _ý, Plots ß. %
- Page 39 and 40: TAMZ 2olol ChemIc&I and particle si
- Page 41 and 42: TABLE 2.2.1 Monthly rainfall figure
- Page 43 and 44: ff, tn II c14 21 CII ID Ct 8 U b- 4
- Page 45 and 46: -ff C: ) 0 CO 0 (0 6060,0', 6::.. 0
- Page 47 and 48: The soldiers may also be dimorphic,
- Page 49 and 50: PLATE 2.3.1. Macrotermes bellicosus
- Page 51 and 52: 2.3-2 SPECIES OF TMtITES STUDIED An
- Page 53 and 54: season (Collins 1977)o It forages u
- Page 55 and 56: PLATE 2.3.2 Ancistrotermes cavithor
- Page 60 and 61: PLATE 2,2.6* Macrotermes subhy4inus
- Page 62 and 63: 'A PLATE 2*1.8o Microtermes fungus
- Page 64 and 65: Mcrotermes aDecies There was a comp
- Page 66 and 67: ? LATE 2.3.9. Microternes fungus co
- Page 68 and 69: They feed under soil runways and sh
- Page 70 and 71: from mycot8tesq fungus combs termLt
- Page 72 and 73: 3.1,1 INTRODUCTION 3.1 DEVELOPMENT
- Page 74 and 75: 3-1-3 CANDIDATE ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTI
- Page 76 and 77: (Bakerapigel and Miller 1953, j C*M
- Page 78 and 79: (m) Icarathane Karathanes cr dinoca
- Page 80 and 81: Basidlomyceteal at 5 ()1-19 but In
- Page 82 and 83: RI 0 t#l Z 97 9 e f+ 2 0 0 c 0 In O
- Page 84 and 85: do% w 0 %., 1-a %w W %. W do% in 0-
- Page 86 and 87: 13) 0 ON -4 -4 %. o 1-d -po t+ C, c
- Page 88 and 89: m P icr to FA -- 0c P. SA SA e 0 Z
- Page 90 and 91: Inocula of the fungi were placed on
- Page 92 and 93: ýP Z. OP s- W 0 in n 0 -e 2 1.44 F
- Page 94 and 95: f-" > a b - : 31 0 Wd 0 >- ýD p 0
- Page 96 and 97: Penicillium SP. TermitomYc FIGUO 3*
- Page 98 and 99: The addition of Vitamin Bl (thiamin
- Page 100 and 101: 3*le5 THE WECT ON SPORE GMINATION O
- Page 102 and 103: e Nd Co 0 ). 0 ý. b b + 10 L- & bi
- Page 104 and 105: 3-1-5*3 Discussion In the initial e
- Page 106 and 107: 3-22 ISOIATION Or, TOMITOMYCES FROM
- Page 108 and 109:
1933), and Immersion In 119C12 (Dic
- Page 110 and 111:
TADIX, 3.3.1 Analysis of variance o
- Page 112 and 113:
woc 240C 2ee .:. )OOC 240C 29C 32c)
- Page 114 and 115:
AN 53 200c 240c 290C : 32oc 350c 2o
- Page 116 and 117:
I. Mean diameter of Fojýny M IC 61
- Page 118 and 119:
Mean diameter 10 f colony (mm) i 11
- Page 120 and 121:
Mean diarnei of colony (mm) 112* Te
- Page 122 and 123:
114. FIGURE 3-3-7. Relative growth
- Page 124 and 125:
TABLE 3-3.6 Published values for th
- Page 126 and 127:
Macrotemes subhXalinus SUB 21 The o
- Page 128 and 129:
at tk)l-. wa where higher isoil tem
- Page 130 and 131:
TABLE 3.4.1 Analysis of variance on
- Page 132 and 133:
F 0,11 5.2 mAC36 OD4?. OVA AN58 MAC
- Page 134 and 135:
FIG = 3.4.1. (a)$ (b), (c) and (d)
- Page 136 and 137:
8 Mean diameter of colony (mm) 9 ]
- Page 138 and 139:
TA13IZ 3.4.2 Initial and final p1l
- Page 140 and 141:
and larger Basidicarfcetes are ofte
- Page 142 and 143:
TABLE 3.5.1 Analysis of variance on
- Page 144 and 145:
Mean diameter of , colony (mm) Days
- Page 146 and 147:
Interaction SF Wzium MAC 36 SU13 62
- Page 148 and 149:
Interaction SP MUDIUM A D NSD c NSD
- Page 150 and 151:
,.. e 3-5-4 DISCUSSION First exLeri
- Page 152 and 153:
Growth of the cultures on the selec
- Page 154 and 155:
4a CHARACTEMSTICS OF TEP14ITOMYCES
- Page 156 and 157:
VA X 10 m t to FA -W VP 7 e) 2 00 w
- Page 158 and 159:
PiATE 4.1.1 Termitomyces cultures f
- Page 161:
PLATE 4.1.2. Termitomyces cultures
- Page 166:
PLATE 4.1.7. ,, Termitomlces cultur
- Page 171:
PLATE 4.1.11. Termitomyces cultures
- Page 174 and 175:
TABLE 4.1,21 Production of cultural
- Page 176 and 177:
The appearances of these cultures a
- Page 178 and 179:
4o2el MHODS 4.2 sPonEs FM,, M CULTM
- Page 180 and 181:
I rr . 90 m 1-3 0m V+ e+ P 1 1 ft M
- Page 182 and 183:
51 9 112 öl AN- Z- 0 RE ? m bi I 0
- Page 184 and 185:
N) PO cil Ul 0 Cn K 0 Cf) -Ti 9 CD
- Page 186 and 187:
. '. '; Th E -> a) E E D . a) Li a)
- Page 188 and 189:
smeathm. -int (Table 4-2.2, Figure
- Page 190 and 191:
TABIZ, 4.3.2 Events during course o
- Page 192 and 193:
c 48 hours 00, 171.
- Page 194 and 195:
. ------- - - -- ---a, e ; --. -- -
- Page 196 and 197:
not distort-the numbers as much as
- Page 198 and 199:
IsOlated frica all the matbrial pla
- Page 200 and 201:
TABLE 5.1*1 Nwbers of fxmgal coloni
- Page 202 and 203:
5.1.4 CONCLUSIONS1 MTHODS To BE USM
- Page 204 and 205:
5.2 MCROTSIMS BELLICOSM3 5,2*1 HACR
- Page 206 and 207:
It can be seen (Table 5-2e2) that t
- Page 209 and 210:
The I numbors ranged from 4-18 per
- Page 211 and 212:
TABLE 5.2*3 The lengths of the diff
- Page 213 and 214:
Table 5.2.5 continued There Is no s
- Page 215 and 216:
: I- flo, IK 7 sp, 4< CD Pd. e-9- C
- Page 217 and 218:
MI'LICATF, D11=101i SERIES A 9 c si
- Page 219 and 220:
Discussion Two different methods of
- Page 221 and 222:
Discussion The bolus-carried by the
- Page 223 and 224:
a0 0 0 o 01" " -OW E: 0-4 et Ch \.
- Page 225 and 226:
TAMIS So'-'*13 Analysis of variance
- Page 227 and 228:
the direct isolation and dilution p
- Page 229 and 230:
The results, shown In Tables 5.. *2
- Page 231 and 232:
not mixed with Termit2Mcex and this
- Page 233 and 234:
TADIZ 5*3,, 1 Hean twaber of fungal
- Page 235 and 236:
TABLE 5'3-5'"Growth of Termit2m ces
- Page 237 and 238:
5o4*1 INMODUCTION AND ICnIMS s. 4 m
- Page 239 and 240:
MICROTIMMS, WHOLE FUNGUSý OOMB SPE
- Page 241 and 242:
Ilic 41 MIC 43 Hic 41 HIC 43 MIC 44
- Page 243 and 244:
TABIj3 5.4-7 Growth of T_ermIt2=cca
- Page 245 and 246:
Indicating that not every part of t
- Page 247 and 248:
and nurse workers* These factors on
- Page 249 and 250:
TADLS 5,5.2 Fungi cultured from the
- Page 251 and 252:
soldiers iao major and 61nor worker
- Page 253 and 254:
R=rIments I and 2s Combsýfrcc 3 di
- Page 255 and 256:
In Im Co. 0 C6 00. 0 . 3 ti 0 :r 0
- Page 257 and 258:
I " 1.0 M 0- O-d ý. n ca 0) 1 0 *0
- Page 259 and 260:
FIGURE 5.6.1. Conidia bearing strom
- Page 261 and 262:
A B .. x-0- 9 Xylaria *)Z* ., . 40
- Page 263 and 264:
PLATE 5ýý6.2. Incubated Macroterm
- Page 265:
PLATE Incubated Macrotermen bellico
- Page 268 and 269:
I 1;;; I
- Page 270 and 271:
cmbs (Fig3. %6.2v 5.6.3, Plate SoG-
- Page 272 and 273:
1913b)s but 11olm (1977) ronsiders
- Page 274 and 275:
also reported for Odontotermn-s oba
- Page 276 and 277:
5.6.2 ORQNISHS ASSOCIATED WITH MIE
- Page 278 and 279:
There atre many other fungus specie
- Page 280 and 281:
and this may-help to keep down thei
- Page 282 and 283:
UNWOMM SOIL FRMILY Wordcm OLD WOMW
- Page 284 and 285:
extracts of these materials in 3 so
- Page 286 and 287:
to C ) I. d. '1 E - 4 tl R tj 9: 11
- Page 288 and 289:
Experiment (2). Uliole termifte ext
- Page 290 and 291:
nest the combs are surrounded by sa
- Page 292 and 293:
0., '. 1 atmospheres (Swift, Heal a
- Page 294 and 295:
Washing procedures- The apparatus w
- Page 296 and 297:
Mean number of fungi 2710 lu zu ; j
- Page 298 and 299:
5.8,1* DII. SCUSSION one of the ori
- Page 300 and 301:
CHAPTEn six MICnOBIAL EMLOGY OUTSID
- Page 302 and 303:
of, each -soil on each 0041um were.
- Page 304 and 305:
I I C6 of a1 ba. 0 0. od. CL 0A low
- Page 306 and 307:
Discussion , 2810 , The lowest numb
- Page 308 and 309:
TABLE 6*14 kkAn mmber of ftmgal pro
- Page 310 and 311:
TABLE 6.1-7 Fungi isolated from dif
- Page 312 and 313:
6*2 E3TAUTSIMENT OF THS TMMITCWCES
- Page 314 and 315:
TABLE 6.2.2 Grworth of TerwitLanes
- Page 316 and 317:
I--,, V H 4ý g *9 m m t4 1-0 u -3
- Page 318 and 319:
In contrast-to-the African Odontate
- Page 320 and 321:
Attempts were made to germinate bax
- Page 322 and 323:
TAmz 6.2.6 The first flight and app
- Page 324 and 325:
H » P. ) 03 0iý 1 Nd. -0 9 9 :i 5
- Page 326 and 327:
eel H t&. 01 (b t' b. 0 b- > k ; 0m
- Page 328 and 329:
spe, ýles where the alaten carry s
- Page 330 and 331:
. The Inoculation of new combs by b
- Page 332 and 333:
e active on an adjacent combo This
- Page 334 and 335:
(b) constitutive% due to innate pro
- Page 336 and 337:
7.1.1 1O, D3 7ol MISTMIC CONT114TS
- Page 338 and 339:
TA131Z 7*1,3 Iblature content of Mc
- Page 340 and 341:
7*1-3 'DISCUSSION The mointure cont
- Page 342 and 343:
An well as supplying moisture the m
- Page 344 and 345:
TABLE 7-2-2 pli of fungus comb of o
- Page 346 and 347:
for collulanes from other sources.
- Page 348 and 349:
Qnly, a restricted, jrAnge of *rUan
- Page 350 and 351:
Campbell and Blaisdell 193'3)e Term
- Page 352 and 353:
TADLE 7-3-2 Reaction of Termit=. ex
- Page 354 and 355:
TABLE 7-3-1k Ile. Ictions of ruts o
- Page 356 and 357:
The reaction of tho Ii. bellicosus
- Page 358 and 359:
7-4-2 DYIng of cellophane strlpxo A
- Page 360 and 361:
ta 1* L(y% I tz 4 p OW 0 a 4, 4 m I
- Page 362 and 363:
PLATE Z. 4.1. Temitomyces culture f
- Page 364 and 365:
7-4-4 DISC=ICN , All the cultures o
- Page 366 and 367:
iiaves of crasses on"vhicih they ar
- Page 368 and 369:
7-5 'AVILIZATION OF STAM11, C311TIN
- Page 370 and 371:
FA WM0 ?A ol 10 rA 444F. C) cl to F
- Page 372 and 373:
00 0.9 P-d 2 1-" s10 a. FH ,H, ;, "
- Page 374 and 375:
z ib ýd- Z si !r M W. IVO ýi eD 9
- Page 376 and 377:
Presence of polyqalýtcturonase enz
- Page 378 and 379:
enzymes by Termitomyces Ix likely t
- Page 380 and 381:
fl. r6 11- u 1 9 tr 0 0 (+ ý8 li 1
- Page 382 and 383:
-n 0 CL CL Sý 0 (D -n CA CL Il (D
- Page 384 and 385:
m Q 9 CN ý cý 0a W -i u ýo 0 10
- Page 386 and 387:
(stark 1973)-,, This. show3 what a
- Page 388 and 389:
Other Mneral Elements Decomposer fu
- Page 390 and 391:
alAPTM LIGHT GENFJIAL DISCUSSIOU 36
- Page 392 and 393:
892- TMIXTOMYCES IN THE VILD A majo
- Page 394 and 395:
Termitan 8.3 MZYIM 9 DEMMMITION AND
- Page 396 and 397:
the ecosystem unless the nest in de
- Page 398 and 399:
fungus symbiosis Is not so efficien
- Page 400 and 401:
symbiosis. - The fungus doea not Ot
- Page 402 and 403:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is a pleasure to
- Page 404 and 405:
APPENDIX 1. CULTURE MEDIA BASIC NED
- Page 406 and 407:
CRITIN AM 1% chitin solution 1-, on
- Page 408 and 409:
APPENDIX 3 SPECIES OF TE1141TES it
- Page 410 and 411:
APPENDIX 4 SPECIES OF FUNGI Absidis
- Page 412 and 413:
Sept6basldiwi Pat. Sclerotinia Fuck
- Page 414 and 415:
01M WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (1) Th
- Page 416 and 417:
TWO-WAY ANALYSIS OF VXRIANCE (1) Th
- Page 418 and 419:
REGRESSION AND CORRELATION (1) Scat
- Page 420 and 421:
X2 AND X2 TEST OF HOMOGENEITY For X
- Page 422 and 423:
BECKER G. (1976). Termites and fung
- Page 424 and 425:
COLLINS N. M* (1979). The nests of
- Page 426 and 427:
FRENCH J*R*J. (1975). The role of t
- Page 428 and 429:
HEIM R. (1977). Termites at Champig
- Page 430 and 431:
to KONIGS J. G, (1779). Naturgeschi
- Page 432 and 433:
MISRA J. N# and RANGANATHAN V. (195
- Page 434 and 435:
POTTS R. C. and HEWITT P. H. (1974)
- Page 436 and 437:
SINGH N. B. (1976). Studies on cert
- Page 438 and 439:
WARCUP J. H. (1959). Studies Qn Bas