ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSIS OF TER ITOMYCES ...

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1 TABLE !;, 2*10 Similarities In fungal species cor4oosition between different parts of the Macrotemkm bellicagun nest system, Uses 50rensenOs Index of Similarity 2x (Southvood 1966) M+n where xa the number of species the two materials have in common. FOODSTORE in a the number of species in material I& na the'ýnmber of specleis In material 21* FRESH COMB 0-70 FnEsu COM HIDDLE COM 0.71 Oe82 HIMLE Collm OID Oe53 0,67 0-83 NEST STRUCrURB -1 - OID COMB 0-721 0-72 ol 64 ' 1 0-50 NEST 1964o STRUCTURE
Discussion Two different methods of Isolation were used to Olve a wider range of fungi isolated. All methods are selective and so different fungi may be obtained by the two methods* For example Termitomycen, is the most comron fungus Isolated from the fungus comb by the direct Isolation method, whereas it does not appear in the dilution plate method 5,2*9)o TermitpMycpq Is present as wycelium: actively growing In the comb and so when small pieces of comb are placed on the plate the (Table mycelium can actively grow out from the innoculation, The fungi growing on dilution plates generally arise from spores, the mycelial fragwnto 197- tending to adhere to lumps of material and to float or sediment out more rapidly depending on the material* This could account for the non- isolation of Temit=yceq and also Xylaria, by the dilution plate Methods an XXIarin has been reported as actively growing in the fungus combl its cjycelium being mixed with that of TprmitomXces (Grasso' 1937)- XYIftria was isolated by the direct Isolation method from the older coob material, * TermitcoXces would also be selected against in the dilution plate method as It to slow growing and would be rapidly covered by other fungi present on the plate. The fungi obtained by plating ou t the foodstore (Table 5*2,6) are species commonly isolated from the soil In the Mokwa region (14CDonald 19681,1970), Trichodema shows a higher frequency than Its Presence in the local soils might lead one to expectj it being of very infrequent , Occurrence In the soil (IScDonald 1970). These fungi are probably brought Into the foodstoro as spores by the termites, both mixed with the collected food that will constitute the foodatorot and also adhering to the terziten bodies,, having been picked up from the 3011 and vegetation while the termites were foraging&
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ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSI
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The establishment of Tennisces in n
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3*1,5 The effect on spore geminatio
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5-7 PRI-: VMTION OF SPORE CM1111NAT
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LIST OF FIGURES Legends have been a
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LIST OF TABLES 1, egends have been
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5.2.6 Fungi cultured by direct isol
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6.21.6 The first flight and appeara
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LIST OP PLATES Leoends have been ab
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GENMAL INTRODUCTION Termites are In
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Popudacanthotermes Ethiopian 2 Spha
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(Bela perse comj, China (Cheo, 1948
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alAPrER ONP A HISTORY OF THE STUDY
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there van a connection between the
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etween A. duthipi and the basidioca
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Intentionally by the termites and r
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MAKER " WO GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
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plots remained as woodland, 2 were
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p5 4 Experimentý! _ý, Plots ß. %
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TAMZ 2olol ChemIc&I and particle si
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TABLE 2.2.1 Monthly rainfall figure
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ff, tn II c14 21 CII ID Ct 8 U b- 4
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-ff C: ) 0 CO 0 (0 6060,0', 6::.. 0
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The soldiers may also be dimorphic,
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PLATE 2.3.1. Macrotermes bellicosus
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2.3-2 SPECIES OF TMtITES STUDIED An
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season (Collins 1977)o It forages u
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PLATE 2.3.2 Ancistrotermes cavithor
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PIATE 2.3.4 Macrotermes bellicosus
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. OWIA fr/ o"m law pp ,. 1, ýP, --
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,.; ý; I.. 4, .. . 4, WL r7.. I It
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They forage an the surface in the w
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MIC. 1 toots CAL& Ail
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2.4.1 TMMXTOMYCES IN NATURE 2*4 TMM
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CHAPTEn WEE DETERMINATION OF ISOIAT
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depth was the same for all plates a
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0,05 ol-l (Eckert et al. 1961)- As
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(e) Cornmeal agar CUS04- 51lqO@ (g)
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and Penicilliun. Several Banidlomyc
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(e) Sorbic acid Sorble acid at 0.05
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TABLE 3*lo2 Antifungal substances p
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- uu b- nnmn 0000 %_. §.. A %. 0 W
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ý1- old ý 0 ýa 1. -0 . -% 0 I. A
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3-1.3-',, ', ConclusiOns (1) Substa
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Q2 bw- 0 ). d 5. 8 (+ 0 c (2 c: :1
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0 0o1: 1, .n R a I- ? in p pp 6- 0
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'"l r 8 (A fl- bo. '2 lot. a -4 1-
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(1) Substances appearino to be unsu
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slight controlling Offect on the _P
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CWI (3) - MI + Denlate (OoOl gl-Jý
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I II It UU f) n oo (D iD aa bd. to
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distilled water 19000 ml Kl'. ': IP
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3*2*3 ]RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The r
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3.3,1 3-3 DETEMINATION OF THE OPTIK
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TABLE, 3.3.3 Analysis of variance o
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SLn3 21 MOC 240C 290C 320C 350C 20K
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Mean diameter of colony (m m) 16-1
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FIGURE 3.3-3. Mean diameter of Term
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 16 14
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Change in mean diametE (mm) 1 day 1
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[3-[3 Macrotermes bellicosus A-A M.
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3-3-4 DISCUSSION The growth curves
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Tbis species in not mound building
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3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 3*4 MMIMNATION O
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Between rIlls Interaction 4. o - 4-
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OD 154 4. o 4.3 4.6 4.9 5. " 5.5 4.
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Mean 15 I diameter 13 I 9 1 7 5 of
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 20 -t
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tolerant of low 01 values than thos
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3.5 GROWTH OF DIFFERWT TLP-MITOMYCE
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FIGURE 3-5-1- (a), (b)v (c), (d), (
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16- Me an 1 0 diameter of colony (m
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TABLE 3-5.12 Analysis of variance o
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TABLZ 3.5.3 The growth of Termitomy
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FIGURE 3.5.2. Regression of growth
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CHAPTEn FOUR TERHITOWCES IN CULTURE
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44 (A ig In tr ý (+ re- m 0 fD r (
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to F IR 0 0 t oe l l. aW 0 ýa 9)-
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AN 93
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IS 5' SI PLATE Termitomyces culture
Page 168: PLATE 4.1.2. TermitomIces cultures
Page 173 and 174: TA= 4,1,3 production of cultural my
Page 175 and 176: TABLE 4.1.5 Production of mycotUtes
Page 177 and 178: more favourable for their productio
Page 179 and 180: #W. FA 40 60 0 P. * n ic 3 32 f+ ti
Page 181 and 182: ": I p I a *m. ". 4 S 0 (+ 11 3 -%A
Page 183 and 184: 1649 FIGURZ 4*2*1* Lengtb, of Termi
Page 185 and 186: FIGURE 4.2*2. Width of Termitomyces
Page 187 and 188: 4.2.3 -PISCUSSION Spores were not p
Page 189 and 190: 4.3.1 MMUDS 4.3 BLASTMPME, GMMINATI
Page 191 and 192: a0 FiGuRE 4.3-1- (a)q (b), (c), Pro
Page 193 and 194: 4.3.3 DISCUSSION The blastospores g
Page 195 and 196: 5-1-1 INTPODUCTION 5.1 HMIMS In ord
Page 197 and 198: The Isolation of Termft2=ces, posiD
Page 199 and 200: developing on the plates. %- The nu
Page 201 and 202: TABLE 5*14 Number of fungal colonie
Page 203 and 204: 5 days when the fungi were assigned
Page 205 and 206: circumferences of queen cell (Plate
Page 207: PLATZ- 5.2.1, Fungus comb removed f
Page 210 and 211: TABLE 5*3*1 The dimensionx of vario
Page 212 and 213: TA13LE 5,2.5 Density of Macrotermes
Page 214 and 215: J*- i 0--k M0 '0 0 b-0 101 1.0 V 42
Page 216 and 217: i TABLE 5*2.8 Analysis of variance
Page 220 and 221: After approximately I week In the n
Page 222 and 223: time In the foodstore-lUngua comb s
Page 224 and 225: TABLE 5., 2*12 Mean number of Terml
Page 226 and 227: Discussion In comparing Tables 5-2*
Page 228 and 229: TABLE 5.2olt& Presence of bolus In
Page 230 and 231: m 10 0 Md re m La 0 > r 1 eg o V3 (
Page 232 and 233: 5-3-1 IIMZODUCTICV AND MVIODS 5-3 M
Page 234 and 235: D 0*0 ft *** a siqnlficaný dIffere
Page 236 and 237: 5,3*3 DISCUSSION There In a signifi
Page 238 and 239: "'"30 plates of "ch medium were set
Page 240 and 241: TADLE 5.4.2 He= number of t=gal tol
Page 242 and 243: The levels of significant differenc
Page 244 and 245: 222o NUMB NURSE FORAGERS FORAGERS W
Page 246 and 247: On the selective medium dilution pl
Page 248 and 249: ýo 9 n er e 2: le 0-ý n 9 bm 2ý
Page 250 and 251: In the dloostive system of H, belli
Page 252 and 253: and Singh, Ungh and Singh (ITIO) ob
Page 254 and 255: Table 5-6-1 Fungi developing on Inc
Page 256 and 257: 4 cr ic %-C " loo R. V Put f+ 0 OV
Page 258 and 259: TABLE 596A Foodstore afterý one ye
Page 260 and 261: 1 FIGURE 5.6-3. Fungi developing on
Page 262 and 263: A . - X. '.. p ". 2 Xylaria . x. K
Page 264 and 265: N p ir
Page 267 and 268: PLATE 5.6.5. Soil plastered over in
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Discussion There was very little fu
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(1) xylaria nIqri]2ex Known ýrm Af
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Sordarin f1micala and Epicoccum nip
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The appcarance of the foodstore aft
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all species of termitest and Smay b
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loottbmley mul Fuller 1921, Trinerv
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from the wound and unworked soil fr
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Discussion The. soil freshly worked
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P. b44 >d 4 * 9 6ý a to b-ä- bo.
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Comparing the results. of both sets
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Discussion DLfferent ruggostions ha
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gastric juice so that It became a m
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5.8.1 INTRODMTION 5,11 VAIMING TECH
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1 --) D .1 7 8 270a FIGURE 5.8.1. W
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mean number of fungi 25 2C Washwate
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and TrIchoderma Are usually isolate
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6.1 MGZ IN SOILS, 6.1*1 FLTML POPUL
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u c NSD u T5 n TV **o m T!; NSD - 0
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TOM 6.1.4 Siodlarities In fungal sp
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was from a similar area althouoh wi
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0-5 ". 5-50 0-5 Pit A 5-25 2!; -50
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horizons of the soil (Swift 1976),
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plates to'datermine the generaj ran
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1 ri e c: 1 f3 &2 1 cr M 1 n tD n W
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Dizcufý. Asion The results show th
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6*2*2 ''EIASIDICCARP PRODUCTION IN
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296. Termit2=ps microcarpupq from C
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Fit 4 "0 w 00 6o ý; &I mP rA C: 4
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a 9 9 9 In 10 . 0% 61 06 ic e f* 32
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Discussion (1) Association between
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in Table 6.2.7 miy be Indorrects If
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which-aro 2-4 cm in diameter and di
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temperature In tile rAiny season rw
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OLUYrL. n SEVEN WE MYSTOWGICAL MIS
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i w Owl' " p 0 li c vi %A t" S 9 ,
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TABLS 7-1*6 Hoisture contents of my
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cmd In maintained around 93-99% (Il
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7.2.1 ýMIODS, 7.2 I! H The rAi of
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7.2-3 ]DISCUSSION Tho fungus combs,
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7-3-1 INTRODUCTION 7.3 LIGNIN DDGRA
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(b) soft rot, fungi. Under very moi
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7-3-2- )ODIODS (1) Red cabbage extr
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TABLE 7-3-3 Reaction of TermitVycom
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The reactions did not vary In any c
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7.4.1 INTRODUCTION 7.4 CELLULOSE DW
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the solution was read at 595 no aga
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0 :1 1 m 1 JAN 5 k*O 10 ýe ý tv p
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- «ý 4e _e %, >ýý . *- A. 0ý I
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enz, yme production are affected by
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ut In general the ccab in too acidi
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All those substancea are therefore
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I RR I. fD a) 00 www 99 + W. m 4 ý
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9 2 3 a W. c 5 2 0 Z
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l I r. * t+ bd. n tt o id. 1 9 p th
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Temlt2rm7ces, appears to be unusual
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7-6 MINERAL CbNTr., NT'oF taimmmiT
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FIGURE 7.6.1. Amount of nitrogen in
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0 :s-w w2 ooý. "I 0 I q+ 0) 1A r,
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7-6*3 DISCUSSION Nitro2en in genera
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needed to degrade uric acid nitroge
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on comparing the nutrient content o
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811 =MITOMYCES IN CULTURE Termit=cp
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when they left the-nesto whereas in
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workers with a lower nitrogen requi
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8*4 SIMMIOSIS BETW M- X? 4SMTS AND
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Iý8.5 EVOLUTION OF ME SYMOSIS Tito
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a viable fungus combo Construction
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APPENDICES 376.
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POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR (PDA) water 11
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APPENDIX 2 MILTONS nUID Miltons ste
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0. obscuriceRs (Wasmann) 0. patruus
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Lactarius Pers. ex Gray Lentrn-us c
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APPENDIX 5. STATISTICAL METHODS MEA
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significance was tested at p- o, o5
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(4) (5) ý6) SOURCE OF VARTATION DE
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STUDENTS t-TEIST. COMPARISON OF. IM
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REFERENCES ABO-1alATWA N. (1977). N
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*BUTCHER (1966). Cited by Ka'a"rik
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DESAI A. J. and PANDEY S. N. (1971)
Page 427 and 428:
CRAY T, R, G. and WILL1AMS S. T. (1
Page 429 and 430:
JOHNSON L. F. and CURL E. A. (1972)
Page 431 and 432:
MANDELS M. and 'REESE H. T. (1965).
Page 433 and 434:
OTIENO N. C. (1964). Contributions
Page 435 and 436:
RUELLE J. E. (1970). A reviniqn of
Page 437 and 438:
THORNTON R, H, (1960). Growth of fu
Page 439:
WOOD T. G. and OHIAGU C, E. (1976).
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