ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSIS OF TER ITOMYCES ...

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7-5 'AVILIZATION OF STAM11, C311TIN AND PECrIC SU13STAYICES IMODUCTION The major polysaccharide components of wood cello are cellulose* homicelluloses and pectic c(=ponents (Swift 1977)o The hemicolluloses comprise 3-40% of most'plant coll walls with pectic substances ranging from < 1-46% (Mandels andlReene 196!; )* The total carbohydrate fraction of wood to known'as holOCellulose wýich to divided Into'two tractlon3s tho hemicellulases and ol;. cellulose. 11cmicellulosen consist of two fractionag P. ýcclluloze mid 19-colluloseo' The three basic fractions differ Maiply in the number and type of sugar units* Tho constituent sugars Includo xylose, mannoset galactose and arabinose., In herbaceous plants pectic materials are the cementing substances between cells, (in woody plants It in lignin) Wirk 1971)s forming the middle lamllag and are built up from P 1-4 linked galaciuronic acid unitg (Gray and VI'llitims 1971)9 Starch Is the principle reserve POlYs&ccharide of plants and In an excellent carbon source for most fungi (Gray and William 197l)- It lis a mixtiire of two'Polymars of glucose, mrflOse mW aMylopectine kkay bacterlas actirsomycates and : fungL hydrolyze starch by producing extra- cellular camylason. 342o Chitin consists of long straight chain polymers of N-acetylglucoamine units joined together by Is4-f-glucosidic bonds* It closely resembles calluloneo It occurs In arthropod wwakelatonal call walls of fungi other than Domyceten and shells of molluscs. Various fungig and bacteria Including actinomycetes can attack chitino
All those substancea are therefore likely'to be present in the fUngus combs on which TemitZ=-cps, growss and the ability of TerwltoMcpa to decompose these substances vas investigated* 7-5-2 )=IODS (a) Utilization of starcht Inocula of Tamitomycem cultures from different termite species were placed on starch agar plates 343* (AppmdLx 09 Starch hydrolysis was checked for after 29 4 and In soma cases 6 weeks by flooding the plates with Iodine which gives a blue-black colour with starch. Clearing indicated hydrolysis of the starch had occurred* (b) UtilizAtion of chitins PlAtes were Prepared by pouring a thin layer of melted chitin agar (Appendix 1) an solid tapwater agar which makes decomposition more easily seen (ValdIcamp 195!; ), Inocula, ot TermLIMcps trom ditterent termite species were placed on the chitin agar platen and incubated for three weeks, Decomposition of chLtin could be seen by the presence of a clear zone around or under the colonies* (C .)0 ccurrence of pectinase's In Termlt2M cex culturess Two flAsks, were set ups with the medium which Induces the production of pectic emynes (Appendix I) t from each Teruita=en culturee They were , incubated at room temperaturee The flasks were then filtered and assayed for polygalacturonases Filtrate was added to holes cut, in pectate gel (1% sodium pectate In 12% afuLr)o These were incubated for 48 hours and then flooded with fiN 1XI., A whiteýhalo indicates that hydrolysis of the pectate by the activity of polygalacturomse enzymes has occurred* 7-5-3 RMULTS The results am given In Tables 7*5* 1 1-70*29
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ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSI
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The establishment of Tennisces in n
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3*1,5 The effect on spore geminatio
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5-7 PRI-: VMTION OF SPORE CM1111NAT
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LIST OF FIGURES Legends have been a
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LIST OF TABLES 1, egends have been
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5.2.6 Fungi cultured by direct isol
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6.21.6 The first flight and appeara
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LIST OP PLATES Leoends have been ab
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GENMAL INTRODUCTION Termites are In
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Popudacanthotermes Ethiopian 2 Spha
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(Bela perse comj, China (Cheo, 1948
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alAPrER ONP A HISTORY OF THE STUDY
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there van a connection between the
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etween A. duthipi and the basidioca
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Intentionally by the termites and r
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MAKER " WO GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
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plots remained as woodland, 2 were
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p5 4 Experimentý! _ý, Plots ß. %
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TAMZ 2olol ChemIc&I and particle si
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TABLE 2.2.1 Monthly rainfall figure
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ff, tn II c14 21 CII ID Ct 8 U b- 4
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-ff C: ) 0 CO 0 (0 6060,0', 6::.. 0
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The soldiers may also be dimorphic,
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PLATE 2.3.1. Macrotermes bellicosus
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2.3-2 SPECIES OF TMtITES STUDIED An
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season (Collins 1977)o It forages u
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PLATE 2.3.2 Ancistrotermes cavithor
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PIATE 2.3.4 Macrotermes bellicosus
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. OWIA fr/ o"m law pp ,. 1, ýP, --
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,.; ý; I.. 4, .. . 4, WL r7.. I It
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They forage an the surface in the w
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MIC. 1 toots CAL& Ail
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2.4.1 TMMXTOMYCES IN NATURE 2*4 TMM
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CHAPTEn WEE DETERMINATION OF ISOIAT
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depth was the same for all plates a
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0,05 ol-l (Eckert et al. 1961)- As
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(e) Cornmeal agar CUS04- 51lqO@ (g)
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and Penicilliun. Several Banidlomyc
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(e) Sorbic acid Sorble acid at 0.05
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TABLE 3*lo2 Antifungal substances p
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- uu b- nnmn 0000 %_. §.. A %. 0 W
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ý1- old ý 0 ýa 1. -0 . -% 0 I. A
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3-1.3-',, ', ConclusiOns (1) Substa
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Q2 bw- 0 ). d 5. 8 (+ 0 c (2 c: :1
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0 0o1: 1, .n R a I- ? in p pp 6- 0
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'"l r 8 (A fl- bo. '2 lot. a -4 1-
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(1) Substances appearino to be unsu
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slight controlling Offect on the _P
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CWI (3) - MI + Denlate (OoOl gl-Jý
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I II It UU f) n oo (D iD aa bd. to
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distilled water 19000 ml Kl'. ': IP
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3*2*3 ]RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The r
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3.3,1 3-3 DETEMINATION OF THE OPTIK
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TABLE, 3.3.3 Analysis of variance o
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SLn3 21 MOC 240C 290C 320C 350C 20K
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Mean diameter of colony (m m) 16-1
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FIGURE 3.3-3. Mean diameter of Term
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 16 14
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Change in mean diametE (mm) 1 day 1
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[3-[3 Macrotermes bellicosus A-A M.
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3-3-4 DISCUSSION The growth curves
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Tbis species in not mound building
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3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 3*4 MMIMNATION O
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Between rIlls Interaction 4. o - 4-
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OD 154 4. o 4.3 4.6 4.9 5. " 5.5 4.
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Mean 15 I diameter 13 I 9 1 7 5 of
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 20 -t
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tolerant of low 01 values than thos
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3.5 GROWTH OF DIFFERWT TLP-MITOMYCE
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FIGURE 3-5-1- (a), (b)v (c), (d), (
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16- Me an 1 0 diameter of colony (m
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TABLE 3-5.12 Analysis of variance o
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TABLZ 3.5.3 The growth of Termitomy
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FIGURE 3.5.2. Regression of growth
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CHAPTEn FOUR TERHITOWCES IN CULTURE
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44 (A ig In tr ý (+ re- m 0 fD r (
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to F IR 0 0 t oe l l. aW 0 ýa 9)-
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AN 93
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IS 5' SI PLATE Termitomyces culture
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PLATE 4.1.2. TermitomIces cultures
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TA= 4,1,3 production of cultural my
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TABLE 4.1.5 Production of mycotUtes
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more favourable for their productio
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#W. FA 40 60 0 P. * n ic 3 32 f+ ti
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": I p I a *m. ". 4 S 0 (+ 11 3 -%A
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1649 FIGURZ 4*2*1* Lengtb, of Termi
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FIGURE 4.2*2. Width of Termitomyces
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4.2.3 -PISCUSSION Spores were not p
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4.3.1 MMUDS 4.3 BLASTMPME, GMMINATI
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a0 FiGuRE 4.3-1- (a)q (b), (c), Pro
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4.3.3 DISCUSSION The blastospores g
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5-1-1 INTPODUCTION 5.1 HMIMS In ord
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The Isolation of Termft2=ces, posiD
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developing on the plates. %- The nu
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TABLE 5*14 Number of fungal colonie
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5 days when the fungi were assigned
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circumferences of queen cell (Plate
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PLATZ- 5.2.1, Fungus comb removed f
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TABLE 5*3*1 The dimensionx of vario
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TA13LE 5,2.5 Density of Macrotermes
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J*- i 0--k M0 '0 0 b-0 101 1.0 V 42
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i TABLE 5*2.8 Analysis of variance
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1 TABLE !;, 2*10 Similarities In fu
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After approximately I week In the n
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time In the foodstore-lUngua comb s
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TABLE 5., 2*12 Mean number of Terml
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Discussion In comparing Tables 5-2*
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TABLE 5.2olt& Presence of bolus In
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m 10 0 Md re m La 0 > r 1 eg o V3 (
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5-3-1 IIMZODUCTICV AND MVIODS 5-3 M
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D 0*0 ft *** a siqnlficaný dIffere
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5,3*3 DISCUSSION There In a signifi
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"'"30 plates of "ch medium were set
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TADLE 5.4.2 He= number of t=gal tol
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The levels of significant differenc
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222o NUMB NURSE FORAGERS FORAGERS W
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On the selective medium dilution pl
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ýo 9 n er e 2: le 0-ý n 9 bm 2ý
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In the dloostive system of H, belli
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and Singh, Ungh and Singh (ITIO) ob
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Table 5-6-1 Fungi developing on Inc
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4 cr ic %-C " loo R. V Put f+ 0 OV
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TABLE 596A Foodstore afterý one ye
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1 FIGURE 5.6-3. Fungi developing on
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A . - X. '.. p ". 2 Xylaria . x. K
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N p ir
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PLATE 5.6.5. Soil plastered over in
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Discussion There was very little fu
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(1) xylaria nIqri]2ex Known ýrm Af
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Sordarin f1micala and Epicoccum nip
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The appcarance of the foodstore aft
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all species of termitest and Smay b
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loottbmley mul Fuller 1921, Trinerv
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from the wound and unworked soil fr
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Discussion The. soil freshly worked
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P. b44 >d 4 * 9 6ý a to b-ä- bo.
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Comparing the results. of both sets
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Discussion DLfferent ruggostions ha
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gastric juice so that It became a m
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5.8.1 INTRODMTION 5,11 VAIMING TECH
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1 --) D .1 7 8 270a FIGURE 5.8.1. W
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mean number of fungi 25 2C Washwate
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and TrIchoderma Are usually isolate
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6.1 MGZ IN SOILS, 6.1*1 FLTML POPUL
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u c NSD u T5 n TV **o m T!; NSD - 0
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TOM 6.1.4 Siodlarities In fungal sp
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was from a similar area althouoh wi
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0-5 ". 5-50 0-5 Pit A 5-25 2!; -50
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horizons of the soil (Swift 1976),
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plates to'datermine the generaj ran
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1 ri e c: 1 f3 &2 1 cr M 1 n tD n W
Page 317 and 318: Dizcufý. Asion The results show th
Page 319 and 320: 6*2*2 ''EIASIDICCARP PRODUCTION IN
Page 321 and 322: 296. Termit2=ps microcarpupq from C
Page 323 and 324: Fit 4 "0 w 00 6o ý; &I mP rA C: 4
Page 325 and 326: a 9 9 9 In 10 . 0% 61 06 ic e f* 32
Page 327 and 328: Discussion (1) Association between
Page 329 and 330: in Table 6.2.7 miy be Indorrects If
Page 331 and 332: which-aro 2-4 cm in diameter and di
Page 333 and 334: temperature In tile rAiny season rw
Page 335 and 336: OLUYrL. n SEVEN WE MYSTOWGICAL MIS
Page 337 and 338: i w Owl' " p 0 li c vi %A t" S 9 ,
Page 339 and 340: TABLS 7-1*6 Hoisture contents of my
Page 341 and 342: cmd In maintained around 93-99% (Il
Page 343 and 344: 7.2.1 ýMIODS, 7.2 I! H The rAi of
Page 345 and 346: 7.2-3 ]DISCUSSION Tho fungus combs,
Page 347 and 348: 7-3-1 INTRODUCTION 7.3 LIGNIN DDGRA
Page 349 and 350: (b) soft rot, fungi. Under very moi
Page 351 and 352: 7-3-2- )ODIODS (1) Red cabbage extr
Page 353 and 354: TABLE 7-3-3 Reaction of TermitVycom
Page 355 and 356: The reactions did not vary In any c
Page 357 and 358: 7.4.1 INTRODUCTION 7.4 CELLULOSE DW
Page 359 and 360: the solution was read at 595 no aga
Page 361 and 362: 0 :1 1 m 1 JAN 5 k*O 10 ýe ý tv p
Page 363 and 364: - «ý 4e _e %, >ýý . *- A. 0ý I
Page 365 and 366: enz, yme production are affected by
Page 367: ut In general the ccab in too acidi
Page 371 and 372: I RR I. fD a) 00 www 99 + W. m 4 ý
Page 373 and 374: 9 2 3 a W. c 5 2 0 Z
Page 375 and 376: l I r. * t+ bd. n tt o id. 1 9 p th
Page 377 and 378: Temlt2rm7ces, appears to be unusual
Page 379 and 380: 7-6 MINERAL CbNTr., NT'oF taimmmiT
Page 381 and 382: FIGURE 7.6.1. Amount of nitrogen in
Page 383 and 384: 0 :s-w w2 ooý. "I 0 I q+ 0) 1A r,
Page 385 and 386: 7-6*3 DISCUSSION Nitro2en in genera
Page 387 and 388: needed to degrade uric acid nitroge
Page 389 and 390: on comparing the nutrient content o
Page 391 and 392: 811 =MITOMYCES IN CULTURE Termit=cp
Page 393 and 394: when they left the-nesto whereas in
Page 395 and 396: workers with a lower nitrogen requi
Page 397 and 398: 8*4 SIMMIOSIS BETW M- X? 4SMTS AND
Page 399 and 400: Iý8.5 EVOLUTION OF ME SYMOSIS Tito
Page 401 and 402: a viable fungus combo Construction
Page 403 and 404: APPENDICES 376.
Page 405 and 406: POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR (PDA) water 11
Page 407 and 408: APPENDIX 2 MILTONS nUID Miltons ste
Page 409 and 410: 0. obscuriceRs (Wasmann) 0. patruus
Page 411 and 412: Lactarius Pers. ex Gray Lentrn-us c
Page 413 and 414: APPENDIX 5. STATISTICAL METHODS MEA
Page 415 and 416: significance was tested at p- o, o5
Page 417 and 418: (4) (5) ý6) SOURCE OF VARTATION DE
Page 419 and 420:
STUDENTS t-TEIST. COMPARISON OF. IM
Page 421 and 422:
REFERENCES ABO-1alATWA N. (1977). N
Page 423 and 424:
*BUTCHER (1966). Cited by Ka'a"rik
Page 425 and 426:
DESAI A. J. and PANDEY S. N. (1971)
Page 427 and 428:
CRAY T, R, G. and WILL1AMS S. T. (1
Page 429 and 430:
JOHNSON L. F. and CURL E. A. (1972)
Page 431 and 432:
MANDELS M. and 'REESE H. T. (1965).
Page 433 and 434:
OTIENO N. C. (1964). Contributions
Page 435 and 436:
RUELLE J. E. (1970). A reviniqn of
Page 437 and 438:
THORNTON R, H, (1960). Growth of fu
Page 439:
WOOD T. G. and OHIAGU C, E. (1976).
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