ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSIS OF TER ITOMYCES ...

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work was carried out at the Agricultural ]Research Station, Hokwal of the Institute for Agricultural Researchl Ahmadu Bello University, Zariag Nigeria. The field work van organized and supervised by the Centre for Overseas Pest Rosearchs Overseas Development Aduinistrationg 1, ondone 2g.
alAPrER ONP A HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF TL'RNITOMYCES 2G.
Page 1 and 2: ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSI
Page 3 and 4: The establishment of Tennisces in n
Page 5 and 6: 3*1,5 The effect on spore geminatio
Page 7 and 8: 5-7 PRI-: VMTION OF SPORE CM1111NAT
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES Legends have been a
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES 1, egends have been
Page 13 and 14: 5.2.6 Fungi cultured by direct isol
Page 15 and 16: 6.21.6 The first flight and appeara
Page 17 and 18: LIST OP PLATES Leoends have been ab
Page 19 and 20: GENMAL INTRODUCTION Termites are In
Page 21 and 22: Popudacanthotermes Ethiopian 2 Spha
Page 23: (Bela perse comj, China (Cheo, 1948
Page 27 and 28: there van a connection between the
Page 29 and 30: etween A. duthipi and the basidioca
Page 31 and 32: Intentionally by the termites and r
Page 33 and 34: MAKER " WO GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
Page 35 and 36: plots remained as woodland, 2 were
Page 37 and 38: p5 4 Experimentý! _ý, Plots ß. %
Page 39 and 40: TAMZ 2olol ChemIc&I and particle si
Page 41 and 42: TABLE 2.2.1 Monthly rainfall figure
Page 43 and 44: ff, tn II c14 21 CII ID Ct 8 U b- 4
Page 45 and 46: -ff C: ) 0 CO 0 (0 6060,0', 6::.. 0
Page 47 and 48: The soldiers may also be dimorphic,
Page 49 and 50: PLATE 2.3.1. Macrotermes bellicosus
Page 51 and 52: 2.3-2 SPECIES OF TMtITES STUDIED An
Page 53 and 54: season (Collins 1977)o It forages u
Page 55 and 56: PLATE 2.3.2 Ancistrotermes cavithor
Page 58: PIATE 2.3.4 Macrotermes bellicosus
Page 61 and 62: . OWIA fr/ o"m law pp ,. 1, ýP, --
Page 63 and 64: ,.; ý; I.. 4, .. . 4, WL r7.. I It
Page 65 and 66: They forage an the surface in the w
Page 67 and 68: MIC. 1 toots CAL& Ail
Page 69 and 70: 2.4.1 TMMXTOMYCES IN NATURE 2*4 TMM
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTEn WEE DETERMINATION OF ISOIAT
Page 73 and 74: depth was the same for all plates a
Page 75 and 76:
0,05 ol-l (Eckert et al. 1961)- As
Page 77 and 78:
(e) Cornmeal agar CUS04- 51lqO@ (g)
Page 79 and 80:
and Penicilliun. Several Banidlomyc
Page 81 and 82:
(e) Sorbic acid Sorble acid at 0.05
Page 83 and 84:
TABLE 3*lo2 Antifungal substances p
Page 85 and 86:
- uu b- nnmn 0000 %_. §.. A %. 0 W
Page 87 and 88:
ý1- old ý 0 ýa 1. -0 . -% 0 I. A
Page 89 and 90:
3-1.3-',, ', ConclusiOns (1) Substa
Page 91 and 92:
Q2 bw- 0 ). d 5. 8 (+ 0 c (2 c: :1
Page 93 and 94:
0 0o1: 1, .n R a I- ? in p pp 6- 0
Page 95 and 96:
'"l r 8 (A fl- bo. '2 lot. a -4 1-
Page 97 and 98:
(1) Substances appearino to be unsu
Page 99 and 100:
slight controlling Offect on the _P
Page 101 and 102:
CWI (3) - MI + Denlate (OoOl gl-Jý
Page 103 and 104:
I II It UU f) n oo (D iD aa bd. to
Page 105 and 106:
distilled water 19000 ml Kl'. ': IP
Page 107 and 108:
3*2*3 ]RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The r
Page 109 and 110:
3.3,1 3-3 DETEMINATION OF THE OPTIK
Page 111 and 112:
TABLE, 3.3.3 Analysis of variance o
Page 113 and 114:
SLn3 21 MOC 240C 290C 320C 350C 20K
Page 115 and 116:
Mean diameter of colony (m m) 16-1
Page 117 and 118:
FIGURE 3.3-3. Mean diameter of Term
Page 119 and 120:
Mean diameter of colony (M m) 16 14
Page 121 and 122:
Change in mean diametE (mm) 1 day 1
Page 123 and 124:
[3-[3 Macrotermes bellicosus A-A M.
Page 125 and 126:
3-3-4 DISCUSSION The growth curves
Page 127 and 128:
Tbis species in not mound building
Page 129 and 130:
3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 3*4 MMIMNATION O
Page 131 and 132:
Between rIlls Interaction 4. o - 4-
Page 133 and 134:
OD 154 4. o 4.3 4.6 4.9 5. " 5.5 4.
Page 135 and 136:
Mean 15 I diameter 13 I 9 1 7 5 of
Page 137 and 138:
Mean diameter of colony (M m) 20 -t
Page 139 and 140:
tolerant of low 01 values than thos
Page 141 and 142:
3.5 GROWTH OF DIFFERWT TLP-MITOMYCE
Page 143 and 144:
FIGURE 3-5-1- (a), (b)v (c), (d), (
Page 145 and 146:
16- Me an 1 0 diameter of colony (m
Page 147 and 148:
TABLE 3-5.12 Analysis of variance o
Page 149 and 150:
TABLZ 3.5.3 The growth of Termitomy
Page 151 and 152:
FIGURE 3.5.2. Regression of growth
Page 153 and 154:
CHAPTEn FOUR TERHITOWCES IN CULTURE
Page 155 and 156:
44 (A ig In tr ý (+ re- m 0 fD r (
Page 157 and 158:
to F IR 0 0 t oe l l. aW 0 ýa 9)-
Page 159:
AN 93
Page 164:
IS 5' SI PLATE Termitomyces culture
Page 168:
PLATE 4.1.2. TermitomIces cultures
Page 173 and 174:
TA= 4,1,3 production of cultural my
Page 175 and 176:
TABLE 4.1.5 Production of mycotUtes
Page 177 and 178:
more favourable for their productio
Page 179 and 180:
#W. FA 40 60 0 P. * n ic 3 32 f+ ti
Page 181 and 182:
": I p I a *m. ". 4 S 0 (+ 11 3 -%A
Page 183 and 184:
1649 FIGURZ 4*2*1* Lengtb, of Termi
Page 185 and 186:
FIGURE 4.2*2. Width of Termitomyces
Page 187 and 188:
4.2.3 -PISCUSSION Spores were not p
Page 189 and 190:
4.3.1 MMUDS 4.3 BLASTMPME, GMMINATI
Page 191 and 192:
a0 FiGuRE 4.3-1- (a)q (b), (c), Pro
Page 193 and 194:
4.3.3 DISCUSSION The blastospores g
Page 195 and 196:
5-1-1 INTPODUCTION 5.1 HMIMS In ord
Page 197 and 198:
The Isolation of Termft2=ces, posiD
Page 199 and 200:
developing on the plates. %- The nu
Page 201 and 202:
TABLE 5*14 Number of fungal colonie
Page 203 and 204:
5 days when the fungi were assigned
Page 205 and 206:
circumferences of queen cell (Plate
Page 207:
PLATZ- 5.2.1, Fungus comb removed f
Page 210 and 211:
TABLE 5*3*1 The dimensionx of vario
Page 212 and 213:
TA13LE 5,2.5 Density of Macrotermes
Page 214 and 215:
J*- i 0--k M0 '0 0 b-0 101 1.0 V 42
Page 216 and 217:
i TABLE 5*2.8 Analysis of variance
Page 218 and 219:
1 TABLE !;, 2*10 Similarities In fu
Page 220 and 221:
After approximately I week In the n
Page 222 and 223:
time In the foodstore-lUngua comb s
Page 224 and 225:
TABLE 5., 2*12 Mean number of Terml
Page 226 and 227:
Discussion In comparing Tables 5-2*
Page 228 and 229:
TABLE 5.2olt& Presence of bolus In
Page 230 and 231:
m 10 0 Md re m La 0 > r 1 eg o V3 (
Page 232 and 233:
5-3-1 IIMZODUCTICV AND MVIODS 5-3 M
Page 234 and 235:
D 0*0 ft *** a siqnlficaný dIffere
Page 236 and 237:
5,3*3 DISCUSSION There In a signifi
Page 238 and 239:
"'"30 plates of "ch medium were set
Page 240 and 241:
TADLE 5.4.2 He= number of t=gal tol
Page 242 and 243:
The levels of significant differenc
Page 244 and 245:
222o NUMB NURSE FORAGERS FORAGERS W
Page 246 and 247:
On the selective medium dilution pl
Page 248 and 249:
ýo 9 n er e 2: le 0-ý n 9 bm 2ý
Page 250 and 251:
In the dloostive system of H, belli
Page 252 and 253:
and Singh, Ungh and Singh (ITIO) ob
Page 254 and 255:
Table 5-6-1 Fungi developing on Inc
Page 256 and 257:
4 cr ic %-C " loo R. V Put f+ 0 OV
Page 258 and 259:
TABLE 596A Foodstore afterý one ye
Page 260 and 261:
1 FIGURE 5.6-3. Fungi developing on
Page 262 and 263:
A . - X. '.. p ". 2 Xylaria . x. K
Page 264 and 265:
N p ir
Page 267 and 268:
PLATE 5.6.5. Soil plastered over in
Page 269 and 270:
Discussion There was very little fu
Page 271 and 272:
(1) xylaria nIqri]2ex Known ýrm Af
Page 273 and 274:
Sordarin f1micala and Epicoccum nip
Page 275 and 276:
The appcarance of the foodstore aft
Page 277 and 278:
all species of termitest and Smay b
Page 279 and 280:
loottbmley mul Fuller 1921, Trinerv
Page 281 and 282:
from the wound and unworked soil fr
Page 283 and 284:
Discussion The. soil freshly worked
Page 285 and 286:
P. b44 >d 4 * 9 6ý a to b-ä- bo.
Page 287 and 288:
Comparing the results. of both sets
Page 289 and 290:
Discussion DLfferent ruggostions ha
Page 291 and 292:
gastric juice so that It became a m
Page 293 and 294:
5.8.1 INTRODMTION 5,11 VAIMING TECH
Page 295 and 296:
1 --) D .1 7 8 270a FIGURE 5.8.1. W
Page 297 and 298:
mean number of fungi 25 2C Washwate
Page 299 and 300:
and TrIchoderma Are usually isolate
Page 301 and 302:
6.1 MGZ IN SOILS, 6.1*1 FLTML POPUL
Page 303 and 304:
u c NSD u T5 n TV **o m T!; NSD - 0
Page 305 and 306:
TOM 6.1.4 Siodlarities In fungal sp
Page 307 and 308:
was from a similar area althouoh wi
Page 309 and 310:
0-5 ". 5-50 0-5 Pit A 5-25 2!; -50
Page 311 and 312:
horizons of the soil (Swift 1976),
Page 313 and 314:
plates to'datermine the generaj ran
Page 315 and 316:
1 ri e c: 1 f3 &2 1 cr M 1 n tD n W
Page 317 and 318:
Dizcufý. Asion The results show th
Page 319 and 320:
6*2*2 ''EIASIDICCARP PRODUCTION IN
Page 321 and 322:
296. Termit2=ps microcarpupq from C
Page 323 and 324:
Fit 4 "0 w 00 6o ý; &I mP rA C: 4
Page 325 and 326:
a 9 9 9 In 10 . 0% 61 06 ic e f* 32
Page 327 and 328:
Discussion (1) Association between
Page 329 and 330:
in Table 6.2.7 miy be Indorrects If
Page 331 and 332:
which-aro 2-4 cm in diameter and di
Page 333 and 334:
temperature In tile rAiny season rw
Page 335 and 336:
OLUYrL. n SEVEN WE MYSTOWGICAL MIS
Page 337 and 338:
i w Owl' " p 0 li c vi %A t" S 9 ,
Page 339 and 340:
TABLS 7-1*6 Hoisture contents of my
Page 341 and 342:
cmd In maintained around 93-99% (Il
Page 343 and 344:
7.2.1 ýMIODS, 7.2 I! H The rAi of
Page 345 and 346:
7.2-3 ]DISCUSSION Tho fungus combs,
Page 347 and 348:
7-3-1 INTRODUCTION 7.3 LIGNIN DDGRA
Page 349 and 350:
(b) soft rot, fungi. Under very moi
Page 351 and 352:
7-3-2- )ODIODS (1) Red cabbage extr
Page 353 and 354:
TABLE 7-3-3 Reaction of TermitVycom
Page 355 and 356:
The reactions did not vary In any c
Page 357 and 358:
7.4.1 INTRODUCTION 7.4 CELLULOSE DW
Page 359 and 360:
the solution was read at 595 no aga
Page 361 and 362:
0 :1 1 m 1 JAN 5 k*O 10 ýe ý tv p
Page 363 and 364:
- «ý 4e _e %, >ýý . *- A. 0ý I
Page 365 and 366:
enz, yme production are affected by
Page 367 and 368:
ut In general the ccab in too acidi
Page 369 and 370:
All those substancea are therefore
Page 371 and 372:
I RR I. fD a) 00 www 99 + W. m 4 ý
Page 373 and 374:
9 2 3 a W. c 5 2 0 Z
Page 375 and 376:
l I r. * t+ bd. n tt o id. 1 9 p th
Page 377 and 378:
Temlt2rm7ces, appears to be unusual
Page 379 and 380:
7-6 MINERAL CbNTr., NT'oF taimmmiT
Page 381 and 382:
FIGURE 7.6.1. Amount of nitrogen in
Page 383 and 384:
0 :s-w w2 ooý. "I 0 I q+ 0) 1A r,
Page 385 and 386:
7-6*3 DISCUSSION Nitro2en in genera
Page 387 and 388:
needed to degrade uric acid nitroge
Page 389 and 390:
on comparing the nutrient content o
Page 391 and 392:
811 =MITOMYCES IN CULTURE Termit=cp
Page 393 and 394:
when they left the-nesto whereas in
Page 395 and 396:
workers with a lower nitrogen requi
Page 397 and 398:
8*4 SIMMIOSIS BETW M- X? 4SMTS AND
Page 399 and 400:
Iý8.5 EVOLUTION OF ME SYMOSIS Tito
Page 401 and 402:
a viable fungus combo Construction
Page 403 and 404:
APPENDICES 376.
Page 405 and 406:
POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR (PDA) water 11
Page 407 and 408:
APPENDIX 2 MILTONS nUID Miltons ste
Page 409 and 410:
0. obscuriceRs (Wasmann) 0. patruus
Page 411 and 412:
Lactarius Pers. ex Gray Lentrn-us c
Page 413 and 414:
APPENDIX 5. STATISTICAL METHODS MEA
Page 415 and 416:
significance was tested at p- o, o5
Page 417 and 418:
(4) (5) ý6) SOURCE OF VARTATION DE
Page 419 and 420:
STUDENTS t-TEIST. COMPARISON OF. IM
Page 421 and 422:
REFERENCES ABO-1alATWA N. (1977). N
Page 423 and 424:
*BUTCHER (1966). Cited by Ka'a"rik
Page 425 and 426:
DESAI A. J. and PANDEY S. N. (1971)
Page 427 and 428:
CRAY T, R, G. and WILL1AMS S. T. (1
Page 429 and 430:
JOHNSON L. F. and CURL E. A. (1972)
Page 431 and 432:
MANDELS M. and 'REESE H. T. (1965).
Page 433 and 434:
OTIENO N. C. (1964). Contributions
Page 435 and 436:
RUELLE J. E. (1970). A reviniqn of
Page 437 and 438:
THORNTON R, H, (1960). Growth of fu
Page 439:
WOOD T. G. and OHIAGU C, E. (1976).
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