ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSIS OF TER ITOMYCES ...

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7.6.1 laneral content of fungus comb* foodstore, food, mycotetes and TeMit2Tyces. associated with different termite species 354 7.6.2 Published values for the nutrient content of fungus combs and Termit M ces mycotetes 356 One hundred and thirteen tables in all* 17.
LIST OP PLATES Leoends have been abbreviated In many casese 2*3el 1-ticrotermes belliconus plate and hive showing food- PAGE store and fungus comb 49 2.93e2 Ancistrotermes cavithorax fungus comb showing old and new areas 2*3.3 Macrotermen bellicosus mound 54 203.4 Macratermes bellicosus hive showing position of queen cell 2.3.5 K-1croterries bellicoatis fungus c=b In position In the nest 2*3.6 Hacrotemes gubbyallnus mound 56 2-3-7 Racrotermes suhhyalinus fungus comb 56 2*3.8 Microtermcs funaus comb In a chamber in the soil 57 2*309 tticroter! ýes fungus combs 6o 4.1.1 TemitS! Mces cultures from Ancistroternres cavithorax 148 4.1.2 TermtVýces cultures from Macrotermes belliconus 148 4.1.3 Ternit2=ea cultures from MAcrotermax subhyalinus 149 4.1.4 Termit2=ces cultures from Hicrotermes op. A 149 4.1-5 Termitomycen cultures from M crotermes ape D 150 4.1.6 Termit2=ces cultures from Hicrotermes spo C 150 4.1.7 Termit=es cultures frcxzi Hicrotennes an* D 151 4a. 8 Ternitomyces cultures from Mcriftermen eve G 151 4. le9 Temitarnyces cultures from Hicrotermes ape R 152 4.1*10 Termitomyces cultures from Hicrotermes ape Z 152 4.1*11 Termitmyces cultures from Odontotermes smeathmant 153 4.1*12 TermitmnycesIcultures from Odontoternes op. (OD54) 153 5*2*1 Macrotermes bellicorus fungus comb showing zonos 186 5-6.1 Incubated Macrotermes bellicostsov fungus ccxnb showing rhizomorphs of alarin 241 5.6.2 Incubated K-tcrotermes bellicosus, fungus comb showing conidia-bearing stroma of XXIaria 241 5-6-3 Incubated Macrotemes bellicosus fungus comb showing pod-shaped stroma 242 5-6-4 Blackened rtilzomorphs of Xylaria 242 54 55 55 18.
Page 1 and 2: ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSI
Page 3 and 4: The establishment of Tennisces in n
Page 5 and 6: 3*1,5 The effect on spore geminatio
Page 7 and 8: 5-7 PRI-: VMTION OF SPORE CM1111NAT
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES Legends have been a
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES 1, egends have been
Page 13 and 14: 5.2.6 Fungi cultured by direct isol
Page 15: 6.21.6 The first flight and appeara
Page 19 and 20: GENMAL INTRODUCTION Termites are In
Page 21 and 22: Popudacanthotermes Ethiopian 2 Spha
Page 23 and 24: (Bela perse comj, China (Cheo, 1948
Page 25 and 26: alAPrER ONP A HISTORY OF THE STUDY
Page 27 and 28: there van a connection between the
Page 29 and 30: etween A. duthipi and the basidioca
Page 31 and 32: Intentionally by the termites and r
Page 33 and 34: MAKER " WO GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
Page 35 and 36: plots remained as woodland, 2 were
Page 37 and 38: p5 4 Experimentý! _ý, Plots ß. %
Page 39 and 40: TAMZ 2olol ChemIc&I and particle si
Page 41 and 42: TABLE 2.2.1 Monthly rainfall figure
Page 43 and 44: ff, tn II c14 21 CII ID Ct 8 U b- 4
Page 45 and 46: -ff C: ) 0 CO 0 (0 6060,0', 6::.. 0
Page 47 and 48: The soldiers may also be dimorphic,
Page 49 and 50: PLATE 2.3.1. Macrotermes bellicosus
Page 51 and 52: 2.3-2 SPECIES OF TMtITES STUDIED An
Page 53 and 54: season (Collins 1977)o It forages u
Page 55 and 56: PLATE 2.3.2 Ancistrotermes cavithor
Page 58: PIATE 2.3.4 Macrotermes bellicosus
Page 61 and 62: . OWIA fr/ o"m law pp ,. 1, ýP, --
Page 63 and 64: ,.; ý; I.. 4, .. . 4, WL r7.. I It
Page 65 and 66: They forage an the surface in the w
Page 67 and 68:
MIC. 1 toots CAL& Ail
Page 69 and 70:
2.4.1 TMMXTOMYCES IN NATURE 2*4 TMM
Page 71 and 72:
CHAPTEn WEE DETERMINATION OF ISOIAT
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depth was the same for all plates a
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0,05 ol-l (Eckert et al. 1961)- As
Page 77 and 78:
(e) Cornmeal agar CUS04- 51lqO@ (g)
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and Penicilliun. Several Banidlomyc
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(e) Sorbic acid Sorble acid at 0.05
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TABLE 3*lo2 Antifungal substances p
Page 85 and 86:
- uu b- nnmn 0000 %_. §.. A %. 0 W
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ý1- old ý 0 ýa 1. -0 . -% 0 I. A
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3-1.3-',, ', ConclusiOns (1) Substa
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Q2 bw- 0 ). d 5. 8 (+ 0 c (2 c: :1
Page 93 and 94:
0 0o1: 1, .n R a I- ? in p pp 6- 0
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'"l r 8 (A fl- bo. '2 lot. a -4 1-
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(1) Substances appearino to be unsu
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slight controlling Offect on the _P
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CWI (3) - MI + Denlate (OoOl gl-Jý
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I II It UU f) n oo (D iD aa bd. to
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distilled water 19000 ml Kl'. ': IP
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3*2*3 ]RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The r
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3.3,1 3-3 DETEMINATION OF THE OPTIK
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TABLE, 3.3.3 Analysis of variance o
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SLn3 21 MOC 240C 290C 320C 350C 20K
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Mean diameter of colony (m m) 16-1
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FIGURE 3.3-3. Mean diameter of Term
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 16 14
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Change in mean diametE (mm) 1 day 1
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[3-[3 Macrotermes bellicosus A-A M.
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3-3-4 DISCUSSION The growth curves
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Tbis species in not mound building
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3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 3*4 MMIMNATION O
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Between rIlls Interaction 4. o - 4-
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OD 154 4. o 4.3 4.6 4.9 5. " 5.5 4.
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Mean 15 I diameter 13 I 9 1 7 5 of
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 20 -t
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tolerant of low 01 values than thos
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3.5 GROWTH OF DIFFERWT TLP-MITOMYCE
Page 143 and 144:
FIGURE 3-5-1- (a), (b)v (c), (d), (
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16- Me an 1 0 diameter of colony (m
Page 147 and 148:
TABLE 3-5.12 Analysis of variance o
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TABLZ 3.5.3 The growth of Termitomy
Page 151 and 152:
FIGURE 3.5.2. Regression of growth
Page 153 and 154:
CHAPTEn FOUR TERHITOWCES IN CULTURE
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44 (A ig In tr ý (+ re- m 0 fD r (
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to F IR 0 0 t oe l l. aW 0 ýa 9)-
Page 159:
AN 93
Page 164:
IS 5' SI PLATE Termitomyces culture
Page 168:
PLATE 4.1.2. TermitomIces cultures
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TA= 4,1,3 production of cultural my
Page 175 and 176:
TABLE 4.1.5 Production of mycotUtes
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more favourable for their productio
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#W. FA 40 60 0 P. * n ic 3 32 f+ ti
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": I p I a *m. ". 4 S 0 (+ 11 3 -%A
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1649 FIGURZ 4*2*1* Lengtb, of Termi
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FIGURE 4.2*2. Width of Termitomyces
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4.2.3 -PISCUSSION Spores were not p
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4.3.1 MMUDS 4.3 BLASTMPME, GMMINATI
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a0 FiGuRE 4.3-1- (a)q (b), (c), Pro
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4.3.3 DISCUSSION The blastospores g
Page 195 and 196:
5-1-1 INTPODUCTION 5.1 HMIMS In ord
Page 197 and 198:
The Isolation of Termft2=ces, posiD
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developing on the plates. %- The nu
Page 201 and 202:
TABLE 5*14 Number of fungal colonie
Page 203 and 204:
5 days when the fungi were assigned
Page 205 and 206:
circumferences of queen cell (Plate
Page 207:
PLATZ- 5.2.1, Fungus comb removed f
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TABLE 5*3*1 The dimensionx of vario
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TA13LE 5,2.5 Density of Macrotermes
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J*- i 0--k M0 '0 0 b-0 101 1.0 V 42
Page 216 and 217:
i TABLE 5*2.8 Analysis of variance
Page 218 and 219:
1 TABLE !;, 2*10 Similarities In fu
Page 220 and 221:
After approximately I week In the n
Page 222 and 223:
time In the foodstore-lUngua comb s
Page 224 and 225:
TABLE 5., 2*12 Mean number of Terml
Page 226 and 227:
Discussion In comparing Tables 5-2*
Page 228 and 229:
TABLE 5.2olt& Presence of bolus In
Page 230 and 231:
m 10 0 Md re m La 0 > r 1 eg o V3 (
Page 232 and 233:
5-3-1 IIMZODUCTICV AND MVIODS 5-3 M
Page 234 and 235:
D 0*0 ft *** a siqnlficaný dIffere
Page 236 and 237:
5,3*3 DISCUSSION There In a signifi
Page 238 and 239:
"'"30 plates of "ch medium were set
Page 240 and 241:
TADLE 5.4.2 He= number of t=gal tol
Page 242 and 243:
The levels of significant differenc
Page 244 and 245:
222o NUMB NURSE FORAGERS FORAGERS W
Page 246 and 247:
On the selective medium dilution pl
Page 248 and 249:
ýo 9 n er e 2: le 0-ý n 9 bm 2ý
Page 250 and 251:
In the dloostive system of H, belli
Page 252 and 253:
and Singh, Ungh and Singh (ITIO) ob
Page 254 and 255:
Table 5-6-1 Fungi developing on Inc
Page 256 and 257:
4 cr ic %-C " loo R. V Put f+ 0 OV
Page 258 and 259:
TABLE 596A Foodstore afterý one ye
Page 260 and 261:
1 FIGURE 5.6-3. Fungi developing on
Page 262 and 263:
A . - X. '.. p ". 2 Xylaria . x. K
Page 264 and 265:
N p ir
Page 267 and 268:
PLATE 5.6.5. Soil plastered over in
Page 269 and 270:
Discussion There was very little fu
Page 271 and 272:
(1) xylaria nIqri]2ex Known ýrm Af
Page 273 and 274:
Sordarin f1micala and Epicoccum nip
Page 275 and 276:
The appcarance of the foodstore aft
Page 277 and 278:
all species of termitest and Smay b
Page 279 and 280:
loottbmley mul Fuller 1921, Trinerv
Page 281 and 282:
from the wound and unworked soil fr
Page 283 and 284:
Discussion The. soil freshly worked
Page 285 and 286:
P. b44 >d 4 * 9 6ý a to b-ä- bo.
Page 287 and 288:
Comparing the results. of both sets
Page 289 and 290:
Discussion DLfferent ruggostions ha
Page 291 and 292:
gastric juice so that It became a m
Page 293 and 294:
5.8.1 INTRODMTION 5,11 VAIMING TECH
Page 295 and 296:
1 --) D .1 7 8 270a FIGURE 5.8.1. W
Page 297 and 298:
mean number of fungi 25 2C Washwate
Page 299 and 300:
and TrIchoderma Are usually isolate
Page 301 and 302:
6.1 MGZ IN SOILS, 6.1*1 FLTML POPUL
Page 303 and 304:
u c NSD u T5 n TV **o m T!; NSD - 0
Page 305 and 306:
TOM 6.1.4 Siodlarities In fungal sp
Page 307 and 308:
was from a similar area althouoh wi
Page 309 and 310:
0-5 ". 5-50 0-5 Pit A 5-25 2!; -50
Page 311 and 312:
horizons of the soil (Swift 1976),
Page 313 and 314:
plates to'datermine the generaj ran
Page 315 and 316:
1 ri e c: 1 f3 &2 1 cr M 1 n tD n W
Page 317 and 318:
Dizcufý. Asion The results show th
Page 319 and 320:
6*2*2 ''EIASIDICCARP PRODUCTION IN
Page 321 and 322:
296. Termit2=ps microcarpupq from C
Page 323 and 324:
Fit 4 "0 w 00 6o ý; &I mP rA C: 4
Page 325 and 326:
a 9 9 9 In 10 . 0% 61 06 ic e f* 32
Page 327 and 328:
Discussion (1) Association between
Page 329 and 330:
in Table 6.2.7 miy be Indorrects If
Page 331 and 332:
which-aro 2-4 cm in diameter and di
Page 333 and 334:
temperature In tile rAiny season rw
Page 335 and 336:
OLUYrL. n SEVEN WE MYSTOWGICAL MIS
Page 337 and 338:
i w Owl' " p 0 li c vi %A t" S 9 ,
Page 339 and 340:
TABLS 7-1*6 Hoisture contents of my
Page 341 and 342:
cmd In maintained around 93-99% (Il
Page 343 and 344:
7.2.1 ýMIODS, 7.2 I! H The rAi of
Page 345 and 346:
7.2-3 ]DISCUSSION Tho fungus combs,
Page 347 and 348:
7-3-1 INTRODUCTION 7.3 LIGNIN DDGRA
Page 349 and 350:
(b) soft rot, fungi. Under very moi
Page 351 and 352:
7-3-2- )ODIODS (1) Red cabbage extr
Page 353 and 354:
TABLE 7-3-3 Reaction of TermitVycom
Page 355 and 356:
The reactions did not vary In any c
Page 357 and 358:
7.4.1 INTRODUCTION 7.4 CELLULOSE DW
Page 359 and 360:
the solution was read at 595 no aga
Page 361 and 362:
0 :1 1 m 1 JAN 5 k*O 10 ýe ý tv p
Page 363 and 364:
- «ý 4e _e %, >ýý . *- A. 0ý I
Page 365 and 366:
enz, yme production are affected by
Page 367 and 368:
ut In general the ccab in too acidi
Page 369 and 370:
All those substancea are therefore
Page 371 and 372:
I RR I. fD a) 00 www 99 + W. m 4 ý
Page 373 and 374:
9 2 3 a W. c 5 2 0 Z
Page 375 and 376:
l I r. * t+ bd. n tt o id. 1 9 p th
Page 377 and 378:
Temlt2rm7ces, appears to be unusual
Page 379 and 380:
7-6 MINERAL CbNTr., NT'oF taimmmiT
Page 381 and 382:
FIGURE 7.6.1. Amount of nitrogen in
Page 383 and 384:
0 :s-w w2 ooý. "I 0 I q+ 0) 1A r,
Page 385 and 386:
7-6*3 DISCUSSION Nitro2en in genera
Page 387 and 388:
needed to degrade uric acid nitroge
Page 389 and 390:
on comparing the nutrient content o
Page 391 and 392:
811 =MITOMYCES IN CULTURE Termit=cp
Page 393 and 394:
when they left the-nesto whereas in
Page 395 and 396:
workers with a lower nitrogen requi
Page 397 and 398:
8*4 SIMMIOSIS BETW M- X? 4SMTS AND
Page 399 and 400:
Iý8.5 EVOLUTION OF ME SYMOSIS Tito
Page 401 and 402:
a viable fungus combo Construction
Page 403 and 404:
APPENDICES 376.
Page 405 and 406:
POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR (PDA) water 11
Page 407 and 408:
APPENDIX 2 MILTONS nUID Miltons ste
Page 409 and 410:
0. obscuriceRs (Wasmann) 0. patruus
Page 411 and 412:
Lactarius Pers. ex Gray Lentrn-us c
Page 413 and 414:
APPENDIX 5. STATISTICAL METHODS MEA
Page 415 and 416:
significance was tested at p- o, o5
Page 417 and 418:
(4) (5) ý6) SOURCE OF VARTATION DE
Page 419 and 420:
STUDENTS t-TEIST. COMPARISON OF. IM
Page 421 and 422:
REFERENCES ABO-1alATWA N. (1977). N
Page 423 and 424:
*BUTCHER (1966). Cited by Ka'a"rik
Page 425 and 426:
DESAI A. J. and PANDEY S. N. (1971)
Page 427 and 428:
CRAY T, R, G. and WILL1AMS S. T. (1
Page 429 and 430:
JOHNSON L. F. and CURL E. A. (1972)
Page 431 and 432:
MANDELS M. and 'REESE H. T. (1965).
Page 433 and 434:
OTIENO N. C. (1964). Contributions
Page 435 and 436:
RUELLE J. E. (1970). A reviniqn of
Page 437 and 438:
THORNTON R, H, (1960). Growth of fu
Page 439:
WOOD T. G. and OHIAGU C, E. (1976).
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