ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSIS OF TER ITOMYCES ...

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. ------- - - -- ---a, e ; --. -- -- 4; S -- -- --- alATvrM FIVE THE HICIOBIAL EMLOGY <strong>OF</strong> RAMOTIMMITINAE NESTS -- ---. --- - --- -__-__-( --- -y-. a*____ --- --- - 173.
5-1-1 INTPODUCTI<strong>ON</strong> 5.1 HMIMS In order to investigate the microbial ecology of termite nestal both quantitatively and qualitatively* suitable methods had to be found which were both applicable to the problems set by the nature of the system being inventioatedl and which could be carried out Oiven the tacilities available at Mokwa. All methods for Isolating the fungi present in materials such as soil are selective. The use of different nutrientain tile agar media, different incubation tenperatures and varying p1l of the media will favour those fungi whose germination and growth optima are closest to the experimental conditions, No technique can yet give the total microflora of the system under Investigation* While this is the case the dilution plate method will probably continue to be useds whicho provided its limitations are realized, in a useful tool, Major criticism Of theo dilution plate method arcs (1), it gives a large advantaqfx to abundantly sporing species* Warcup (1955a) demonstrated that the vast majority of colonies on dilution platess arise from spores. The mycellum often rccains embedded In organic material or soil fragments* and so tho numbers of a particular species on a plate may not bear any resemblance to its mycelial. development In the material being te3tede Both dilution plates, and zoil; -plates give little Information on species present In an active,, hyphal state at the time the Isolations are madeq although Inferencen may be made regarding apedes, Which had previously been active (PArkinsan 1973)-ý Montegut (1960)9 174. althougluagreeing that, If, given- an advantage to1zeavily-sporulating species, considers it may
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ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSI
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The establishment of Tennisces in n
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3*1,5 The effect on spore geminatio
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5-7 PRI-: VMTION OF SPORE CM1111NAT
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LIST OF FIGURES Legends have been a
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LIST OF TABLES 1, egends have been
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5.2.6 Fungi cultured by direct isol
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6.21.6 The first flight and appeara
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LIST OP PLATES Leoends have been ab
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GENMAL INTRODUCTION Termites are In
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Popudacanthotermes Ethiopian 2 Spha
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(Bela perse comj, China (Cheo, 1948
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alAPrER ONP A HISTORY OF THE STUDY
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there van a connection between the
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etween A. duthipi and the basidioca
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Intentionally by the termites and r
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MAKER " WO GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
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plots remained as woodland, 2 were
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p5 4 Experimentý! _ý, Plots ß. %
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TAMZ 2olol ChemIc&I and particle si
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TABLE 2.2.1 Monthly rainfall figure
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ff, tn II c14 21 CII ID Ct 8 U b- 4
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-ff C: ) 0 CO 0 (0 6060,0', 6::.. 0
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The soldiers may also be dimorphic,
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PLATE 2.3.1. Macrotermes bellicosus
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2.3-2 SPECIES OF TMtITES STUDIED An
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season (Collins 1977)o It forages u
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PLATE 2.3.2 Ancistrotermes cavithor
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PIATE 2.3.4 Macrotermes bellicosus
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. OWIA fr/ o"m law pp ,. 1, ýP, --
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,.; ý; I.. 4, .. . 4, WL r7.. I It
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They forage an the surface in the w
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MIC. 1 toots CAL& Ail
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2.4.1 TMMXTOMYCES IN NATURE 2*4 TMM
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CHAPTEn WEE DETERMINATION OF ISOIAT
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depth was the same for all plates a
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0,05 ol-l (Eckert et al. 1961)- As
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(e) Cornmeal agar CUS04- 51lqO@ (g)
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and Penicilliun. Several Banidlomyc
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(e) Sorbic acid Sorble acid at 0.05
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TABLE 3*lo2 Antifungal substances p
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- uu b- nnmn 0000 %_. §.. A %. 0 W
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ý1- old ý 0 ýa 1. -0 . -% 0 I. A
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3-1.3-',, ', ConclusiOns (1) Substa
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Q2 bw- 0 ). d 5. 8 (+ 0 c (2 c: :1
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0 0o1: 1, .n R a I- ? in p pp 6- 0
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'"l r 8 (A fl- bo. '2 lot. a -4 1-
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(1) Substances appearino to be unsu
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slight controlling Offect on the _P
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CWI (3) - MI + Denlate (OoOl gl-Jý
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I II It UU f) n oo (D iD aa bd. to
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distilled water 19000 ml Kl'. ': IP
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3*2*3 ]RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The r
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3.3,1 3-3 DETEMINATION OF THE OPTIK
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TABLE, 3.3.3 Analysis of variance o
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SLn3 21 MOC 240C 290C 320C 350C 20K
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Mean diameter of colony (m m) 16-1
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FIGURE 3.3-3. Mean diameter of Term
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 16 14
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Change in mean diametE (mm) 1 day 1
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[3-[3 Macrotermes bellicosus A-A M.
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3-3-4 DISCUSSION The growth curves
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Tbis species in not mound building
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3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 3*4 MMIMNATION O
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Between rIlls Interaction 4. o - 4-
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OD 154 4. o 4.3 4.6 4.9 5. " 5.5 4.
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Mean 15 I diameter 13 I 9 1 7 5 of
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 20 -t
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tolerant of low 01 values than thos
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3.5 GROWTH OF DIFFERWT TLP-MITOMYCE
Page 143 and 144: FIGURE 3-5-1- (a), (b)v (c), (d), (
Page 145 and 146: 16- Me an 1 0 diameter of colony (m
Page 147 and 148: TABLE 3-5.12 Analysis of variance o
Page 149 and 150: TABLZ 3.5.3 The growth of Termitomy
Page 151 and 152: FIGURE 3.5.2. Regression of growth
Page 153 and 154: CHAPTEn FOUR TERHITOWCES IN CULTURE
Page 155 and 156: 44 (A ig In tr ý (+ re- m 0 fD r (
Page 157 and 158: to F IR 0 0 t oe l l. aW 0 ýa 9)-
Page 159: AN 93
Page 164: IS 5' SI PLATE Termitomyces culture
Page 168: PLATE 4.1.2. TermitomIces cultures
Page 173 and 174: TA= 4,1,3 production of cultural my
Page 175 and 176: TABLE 4.1.5 Production of mycotUtes
Page 177 and 178: more favourable for their productio
Page 179 and 180: #W. FA 40 60 0 P. * n ic 3 32 f+ ti
Page 181 and 182: ": I p I a *m. ". 4 S 0 (+ 11 3 -%A
Page 183 and 184: 1649 FIGURZ 4*2*1* Lengtb, of Termi
Page 185 and 186: FIGURE 4.2*2. Width of Termitomyces
Page 187 and 188: 4.2.3 -PISCUSSION Spores were not p
Page 189 and 190: 4.3.1 MMUDS 4.3 BLASTMPME, GMMINATI
Page 191 and 192: a0 FiGuRE 4.3-1- (a)q (b), (c), Pro
Page 193: 4.3.3 DISCUSSION The blastospores g
Page 197 and 198: The Isolation of Termft2=ces, posiD
Page 199 and 200: developing on the plates. %- The nu
Page 201 and 202: TABLE 5*14 Number of fungal colonie
Page 203 and 204: 5 days when the fungi were assigned
Page 205 and 206: circumferences of queen cell (Plate
Page 207: PLATZ- 5.2.1, Fungus comb removed f
Page 210 and 211: TABLE 5*3*1 The dimensionx of vario
Page 212 and 213: TA13LE 5,2.5 Density of Macrotermes
Page 214 and 215: J*- i 0--k M0 '0 0 b-0 101 1.0 V 42
Page 216 and 217: i TABLE 5*2.8 Analysis of variance
Page 218 and 219: 1 TABLE !;, 2*10 Similarities In fu
Page 220 and 221: After approximately I week In the n
Page 222 and 223: time In the foodstore-lUngua comb s
Page 224 and 225: TABLE 5., 2*12 Mean number of Terml
Page 226 and 227: Discussion In comparing Tables 5-2*
Page 228 and 229: TABLE 5.2olt& Presence of bolus In
Page 230 and 231: m 10 0 Md re m La 0 > r 1 eg o V3 (
Page 232 and 233: 5-3-1 IIMZODUCTICV AND MVIODS 5-3 M
Page 234 and 235: D 0*0 ft *** a siqnlficaný dIffere
Page 236 and 237: 5,3*3 DISCUSSION There In a signifi
Page 238 and 239: "'"30 plates of "ch medium were set
Page 240 and 241: TADLE 5.4.2 He= number of t=gal tol
Page 242 and 243: The levels of significant differenc
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222o NUMB NURSE FORAGERS FORAGERS W
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On the selective medium dilution pl
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ýo 9 n er e 2: le 0-ý n 9 bm 2ý
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In the dloostive system of H, belli
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and Singh, Ungh and Singh (ITIO) ob
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Table 5-6-1 Fungi developing on Inc
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4 cr ic %-C " loo R. V Put f+ 0 OV
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TABLE 596A Foodstore afterý one ye
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1 FIGURE 5.6-3. Fungi developing on
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A . - X. '.. p ". 2 Xylaria . x. K
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N p ir
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PLATE 5.6.5. Soil plastered over in
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Discussion There was very little fu
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(1) xylaria nIqri]2ex Known ýrm Af
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Sordarin f1micala and Epicoccum nip
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The appcarance of the foodstore aft
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all species of termitest and Smay b
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loottbmley mul Fuller 1921, Trinerv
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from the wound and unworked soil fr
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Discussion The. soil freshly worked
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P. b44 >d 4 * 9 6ý a to b-ä- bo.
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Comparing the results. of both sets
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Discussion DLfferent ruggostions ha
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gastric juice so that It became a m
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5.8.1 INTRODMTION 5,11 VAIMING TECH
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1 --) D .1 7 8 270a FIGURE 5.8.1. W
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mean number of fungi 25 2C Washwate
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and TrIchoderma Are usually isolate
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6.1 MGZ IN SOILS, 6.1*1 FLTML POPUL
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u c NSD u T5 n TV **o m T!; NSD - 0
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TOM 6.1.4 Siodlarities In fungal sp
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was from a similar area althouoh wi
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0-5 ". 5-50 0-5 Pit A 5-25 2!; -50
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horizons of the soil (Swift 1976),
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plates to'datermine the generaj ran
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1 ri e c: 1 f3 &2 1 cr M 1 n tD n W
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Dizcufý. Asion The results show th
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6*2*2 ''EIASIDICCARP PRODUCTION IN
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296. Termit2=ps microcarpupq from C
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Fit 4 "0 w 00 6o ý; &I mP rA C: 4
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a 9 9 9 In 10 . 0% 61 06 ic e f* 32
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Discussion (1) Association between
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in Table 6.2.7 miy be Indorrects If
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which-aro 2-4 cm in diameter and di
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temperature In tile rAiny season rw
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OLUYrL. n SEVEN WE MYSTOWGICAL MIS
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i w Owl' " p 0 li c vi %A t" S 9 ,
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TABLS 7-1*6 Hoisture contents of my
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cmd In maintained around 93-99% (Il
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7.2.1 ýMIODS, 7.2 I! H The rAi of
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7.2-3 ]DISCUSSION Tho fungus combs,
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7-3-1 INTRODUCTION 7.3 LIGNIN DDGRA
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(b) soft rot, fungi. Under very moi
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7-3-2- )ODIODS (1) Red cabbage extr
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TABLE 7-3-3 Reaction of TermitVycom
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The reactions did not vary In any c
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7.4.1 INTRODUCTION 7.4 CELLULOSE DW
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the solution was read at 595 no aga
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0 :1 1 m 1 JAN 5 k*O 10 ýe ý tv p
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- «ý 4e _e %, >ýý . *- A. 0ý I
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enz, yme production are affected by
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ut In general the ccab in too acidi
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All those substancea are therefore
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I RR I. fD a) 00 www 99 + W. m 4 ý
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9 2 3 a W. c 5 2 0 Z
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l I r. * t+ bd. n tt o id. 1 9 p th
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Temlt2rm7ces, appears to be unusual
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7-6 MINERAL CbNTr., NT'oF taimmmiT
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FIGURE 7.6.1. Amount of nitrogen in
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0 :s-w w2 ooý. "I 0 I q+ 0) 1A r,
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7-6*3 DISCUSSION Nitro2en in genera
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needed to degrade uric acid nitroge
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on comparing the nutrient content o
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811 =MITOMYCES IN CULTURE Termit=cp
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when they left the-nesto whereas in
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workers with a lower nitrogen requi
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8*4 SIMMIOSIS BETW M- X? 4SMTS AND
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Iý8.5 EVOLUTION OF ME SYMOSIS Tito
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a viable fungus combo Construction
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APPENDICES 376.
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POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR (PDA) water 11
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APPENDIX 2 MILTONS nUID Miltons ste
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0. obscuriceRs (Wasmann) 0. patruus
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Lactarius Pers. ex Gray Lentrn-us c
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APPENDIX 5. STATISTICAL METHODS MEA
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significance was tested at p- o, o5
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(4) (5) ý6) SOURCE OF VARTATION DE
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STUDENTS t-TEIST. COMPARISON OF. IM
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REFERENCES ABO-1alATWA N. (1977). N
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*BUTCHER (1966). Cited by Ka'a"rik
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DESAI A. J. and PANDEY S. N. (1971)
Page 427 and 428:
CRAY T, R, G. and WILL1AMS S. T. (1
Page 429 and 430:
JOHNSON L. F. and CURL E. A. (1972)
Page 431 and 432:
MANDELS M. and 'REESE H. T. (1965).
Page 433 and 434:
OTIENO N. C. (1964). Contributions
Page 435 and 436:
RUELLE J. E. (1970). A reviniqn of
Page 437 and 438:
THORNTON R, H, (1960). Growth of fu
Page 439:
WOOD T. G. and OHIAGU C, E. (1976).
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