ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSIS OF TER ITOMYCES ...

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Attempts were made to germinate baxidlospores from basidiocarps on vet and dry plates of selective " SF medium, 4nd on sterile maize pith. Results (1) Initiation of Tjasldloca!: ]2 Production No basidiocwnw were produced In either of the two matliods u3cdo The ftmgus comb In the soil chambers decouposedo Gemination of banidloqL2res No geminAtion of bAsidiospores occurred. ST%Qcics Of TermitC=YCOS collected TermltTv ,., con Zerfomnx associated with Anclatrotermos cavitharaxe 11abitats from subterranean combo of Anclatrotermes cavithorax1in riparian foresýj Rabbas rungus combo often partially or completely deserted*. Often at baSe of palm treess occasionally the comb In nests of Kicrotormon xubhXallnus or near nests of Cubitermes, 24.6.78t 26.6.781 7-6-791 12.6-791 18.6*79. 295, Other Termitomyges ispecies found were Tarmit=cen striatux form griseuxt from Ancintrotermes crucifer fungus comb In maize field, Samaru (19-9-79)o Terml! ýMces aps noveg from Odontoternes Rtupprans fmgus comb, Zarin-Kaduna road (IL4.7*78). Thirty to 40 specimens, cap 5-8 cm in diameter were -seen coming directly from semi-abandoned comb around the base of an abandoned Macrotermes bellicasun mounde and around the base of a large tree 10 M from the mounds Temit=ces rabuori L-i from t a susiDected Ancistrotermom comb wLth no termites presents Samaru (4*7*78)*
296. Termit2=ps microcarpupq from Cdontotermes pauperans, fUngus comb ocattered on the soil surfaces Shika (18-7e73s 20.7*78)o Torndtc ! qrmog spe A, from Macrotermes pubhyallnus fungus combs Zarin-Kaduna rood-We8s7B)s This was a large-specless estl=ted cap di=eter of 12 cm* The basidlocarps were In a poor condition and a description was not possible* TAI31Z, The association betveen the carriage of Termitc _? Mr4 qAq spores by alates, and the development of basidLocarps frow the fungus coinbe TEMITS SPECILS Anclatrotermos cavithorax A. _cLulneensis klacrotermen bolliconus + CARMAGE <strong>OF</strong> TMaTOMYCES SPO=, H. subhyllinum, + Microtemes appe odantotermem pauPf-rAnn + Odontotermes unwathmani GWMI <strong>OF</strong> USIDIOCARPS FROM FLINGUS COMBS Paeudacanthotermes militarts + (I) Poeudacanthotermes sl! intper (2) (1) Heim 19409 1942ai 1952, bv 1977- (2) L16cher 1951be Plearce (pers. comm. ). -a negative result +w positive result (3)
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ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSI
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The establishment of Tennisces in n
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3*1,5 The effect on spore geminatio
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5-7 PRI-: VMTION OF SPORE CM1111NAT
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LIST OF FIGURES Legends have been a
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LIST OF TABLES 1, egends have been
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5.2.6 Fungi cultured by direct isol
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6.21.6 The first flight and appeara
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LIST OP PLATES Leoends have been ab
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GENMAL INTRODUCTION Termites are In
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Popudacanthotermes Ethiopian 2 Spha
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(Bela perse comj, China (Cheo, 1948
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alAPrER ONP A HISTORY OF THE STUDY
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there van a connection between the
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etween A. duthipi and the basidioca
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Intentionally by the termites and r
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MAKER " WO GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
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plots remained as woodland, 2 were
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p5 4 Experimentý! _ý, Plots ß. %
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TAMZ 2olol ChemIc&I and particle si
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TABLE 2.2.1 Monthly rainfall figure
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ff, tn II c14 21 CII ID Ct 8 U b- 4
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-ff C: ) 0 CO 0 (0 6060,0', 6::.. 0
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The soldiers may also be dimorphic,
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PLATE 2.3.1. Macrotermes bellicosus
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2.3-2 SPECIES OF TMtITES STUDIED An
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season (Collins 1977)o It forages u
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PLATE 2.3.2 Ancistrotermes cavithor
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PIATE 2.3.4 Macrotermes bellicosus
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. OWIA fr/ o"m law pp ,. 1, ýP, --
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,.; ý; I.. 4, .. . 4, WL r7.. I It
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They forage an the surface in the w
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MIC. 1 toots CAL& Ail
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2.4.1 TMMXTOMYCES IN NATURE 2*4 TMM
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CHAPTEn WEE DETERMINATION OF ISOIAT
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depth was the same for all plates a
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0,05 ol-l (Eckert et al. 1961)- As
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(e) Cornmeal agar CUS04- 51lqO@ (g)
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and Penicilliun. Several Banidlomyc
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(e) Sorbic acid Sorble acid at 0.05
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TABLE 3*lo2 Antifungal substances p
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- uu b- nnmn 0000 %_. §.. A %. 0 W
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ý1- old ý 0 ýa 1. -0 . -% 0 I. A
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3-1.3-',, ', ConclusiOns (1) Substa
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Q2 bw- 0 ). d 5. 8 (+ 0 c (2 c: :1
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0 0o1: 1, .n R a I- ? in p pp 6- 0
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'"l r 8 (A fl- bo. '2 lot. a -4 1-
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(1) Substances appearino to be unsu
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slight controlling Offect on the _P
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CWI (3) - MI + Denlate (OoOl gl-Jý
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I II It UU f) n oo (D iD aa bd. to
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distilled water 19000 ml Kl'. ': IP
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3*2*3 ]RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The r
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3.3,1 3-3 DETEMINATION OF THE OPTIK
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TABLE, 3.3.3 Analysis of variance o
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SLn3 21 MOC 240C 290C 320C 350C 20K
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Mean diameter of colony (m m) 16-1
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FIGURE 3.3-3. Mean diameter of Term
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 16 14
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Change in mean diametE (mm) 1 day 1
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[3-[3 Macrotermes bellicosus A-A M.
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3-3-4 DISCUSSION The growth curves
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Tbis species in not mound building
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3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 3*4 MMIMNATION O
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Between rIlls Interaction 4. o - 4-
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OD 154 4. o 4.3 4.6 4.9 5. " 5.5 4.
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Mean 15 I diameter 13 I 9 1 7 5 of
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 20 -t
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tolerant of low 01 values than thos
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3.5 GROWTH OF DIFFERWT TLP-MITOMYCE
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FIGURE 3-5-1- (a), (b)v (c), (d), (
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16- Me an 1 0 diameter of colony (m
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TABLE 3-5.12 Analysis of variance o
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TABLZ 3.5.3 The growth of Termitomy
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FIGURE 3.5.2. Regression of growth
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CHAPTEn FOUR TERHITOWCES IN CULTURE
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44 (A ig In tr ý (+ re- m 0 fD r (
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to F IR 0 0 t oe l l. aW 0 ýa 9)-
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AN 93
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IS 5' SI PLATE Termitomyces culture
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PLATE 4.1.2. TermitomIces cultures
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TA= 4,1,3 production of cultural my
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TABLE 4.1.5 Production of mycotUtes
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more favourable for their productio
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#W. FA 40 60 0 P. * n ic 3 32 f+ ti
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": I p I a *m. ". 4 S 0 (+ 11 3 -%A
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1649 FIGURZ 4*2*1* Lengtb, of Termi
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FIGURE 4.2*2. Width of Termitomyces
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4.2.3 -PISCUSSION Spores were not p
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4.3.1 MMUDS 4.3 BLASTMPME, GMMINATI
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a0 FiGuRE 4.3-1- (a)q (b), (c), Pro
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4.3.3 DISCUSSION The blastospores g
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5-1-1 INTPODUCTION 5.1 HMIMS In ord
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The Isolation of Termft2=ces, posiD
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developing on the plates. %- The nu
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TABLE 5*14 Number of fungal colonie
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5 days when the fungi were assigned
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circumferences of queen cell (Plate
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PLATZ- 5.2.1, Fungus comb removed f
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TABLE 5*3*1 The dimensionx of vario
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TA13LE 5,2.5 Density of Macrotermes
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J*- i 0--k M0 '0 0 b-0 101 1.0 V 42
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i TABLE 5*2.8 Analysis of variance
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1 TABLE !;, 2*10 Similarities In fu
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After approximately I week In the n
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time In the foodstore-lUngua comb s
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TABLE 5., 2*12 Mean number of Terml
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Discussion In comparing Tables 5-2*
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TABLE 5.2olt& Presence of bolus In
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m 10 0 Md re m La 0 > r 1 eg o V3 (
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5-3-1 IIMZODUCTICV AND MVIODS 5-3 M
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D 0*0 ft *** a siqnlficaný dIffere
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5,3*3 DISCUSSION There In a signifi
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"'"30 plates of "ch medium were set
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TADLE 5.4.2 He= number of t=gal tol
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The levels of significant differenc
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222o NUMB NURSE FORAGERS FORAGERS W
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On the selective medium dilution pl
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ýo 9 n er e 2: le 0-ý n 9 bm 2ý
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In the dloostive system of H, belli
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and Singh, Ungh and Singh (ITIO) ob
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Table 5-6-1 Fungi developing on Inc
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4 cr ic %-C " loo R. V Put f+ 0 OV
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TABLE 596A Foodstore afterý one ye
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1 FIGURE 5.6-3. Fungi developing on
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A . - X. '.. p ". 2 Xylaria . x. K
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N p ir
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PLATE 5.6.5. Soil plastered over in
Page 269 and 270: Discussion There was very little fu
Page 271 and 272: (1) xylaria nIqri]2ex Known ýrm Af
Page 273 and 274: Sordarin f1micala and Epicoccum nip
Page 275 and 276: The appcarance of the foodstore aft
Page 277 and 278: all species of termitest and Smay b
Page 279 and 280: loottbmley mul Fuller 1921, Trinerv
Page 281 and 282: from the wound and unworked soil fr
Page 283 and 284: Discussion The. soil freshly worked
Page 285 and 286: P. b44 >d 4 * 9 6ý a to b-ä- bo.
Page 287 and 288: Comparing the results. of both sets
Page 289 and 290: Discussion DLfferent ruggostions ha
Page 291 and 292: gastric juice so that It became a m
Page 293 and 294: 5.8.1 INTRODMTION 5,11 VAIMING TECH
Page 295 and 296: 1 --) D .1 7 8 270a FIGURE 5.8.1. W
Page 297 and 298: mean number of fungi 25 2C Washwate
Page 299 and 300: and TrIchoderma Are usually isolate
Page 301 and 302: 6.1 MGZ IN SOILS, 6.1*1 FLTML POPUL
Page 303 and 304: u c NSD u T5 n TV **o m T!; NSD - 0
Page 305 and 306: TOM 6.1.4 Siodlarities In fungal sp
Page 307 and 308: was from a similar area althouoh wi
Page 309 and 310: 0-5 ". 5-50 0-5 Pit A 5-25 2!; -50
Page 311 and 312: horizons of the soil (Swift 1976),
Page 313 and 314: plates to'datermine the generaj ran
Page 315 and 316: 1 ri e c: 1 f3 &2 1 cr M 1 n tD n W
Page 317 and 318: Dizcufý. Asion The results show th
Page 319: 6*2*2 ''EIASIDICCARP PRODUCTION IN
Page 323 and 324: Fit 4 "0 w 00 6o ý; &I mP rA C: 4
Page 325 and 326: a 9 9 9 In 10 . 0% 61 06 ic e f* 32
Page 327 and 328: Discussion (1) Association between
Page 329 and 330: in Table 6.2.7 miy be Indorrects If
Page 331 and 332: which-aro 2-4 cm in diameter and di
Page 333 and 334: temperature In tile rAiny season rw
Page 335 and 336: OLUYrL. n SEVEN WE MYSTOWGICAL MIS
Page 337 and 338: i w Owl' " p 0 li c vi %A t" S 9 ,
Page 339 and 340: TABLS 7-1*6 Hoisture contents of my
Page 341 and 342: cmd In maintained around 93-99% (Il
Page 343 and 344: 7.2.1 ýMIODS, 7.2 I! H The rAi of
Page 345 and 346: 7.2-3 ]DISCUSSION Tho fungus combs,
Page 347 and 348: 7-3-1 INTRODUCTION 7.3 LIGNIN DDGRA
Page 349 and 350: (b) soft rot, fungi. Under very moi
Page 351 and 352: 7-3-2- )ODIODS (1) Red cabbage extr
Page 353 and 354: TABLE 7-3-3 Reaction of TermitVycom
Page 355 and 356: The reactions did not vary In any c
Page 357 and 358: 7.4.1 INTRODUCTION 7.4 CELLULOSE DW
Page 359 and 360: the solution was read at 595 no aga
Page 361 and 362: 0 :1 1 m 1 JAN 5 k*O 10 ýe ý tv p
Page 363 and 364: - «ý 4e _e %, >ýý . *- A. 0ý I
Page 365 and 366: enz, yme production are affected by
Page 367 and 368: ut In general the ccab in too acidi
Page 369 and 370: All those substancea are therefore
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I RR I. fD a) 00 www 99 + W. m 4 ý
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9 2 3 a W. c 5 2 0 Z
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l I r. * t+ bd. n tt o id. 1 9 p th
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Temlt2rm7ces, appears to be unusual
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7-6 MINERAL CbNTr., NT'oF taimmmiT
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FIGURE 7.6.1. Amount of nitrogen in
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0 :s-w w2 ooý. "I 0 I q+ 0) 1A r,
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7-6*3 DISCUSSION Nitro2en in genera
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needed to degrade uric acid nitroge
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on comparing the nutrient content o
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811 =MITOMYCES IN CULTURE Termit=cp
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when they left the-nesto whereas in
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workers with a lower nitrogen requi
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8*4 SIMMIOSIS BETW M- X? 4SMTS AND
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Iý8.5 EVOLUTION OF ME SYMOSIS Tito
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a viable fungus combo Construction
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APPENDICES 376.
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POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR (PDA) water 11
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APPENDIX 2 MILTONS nUID Miltons ste
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0. obscuriceRs (Wasmann) 0. patruus
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Lactarius Pers. ex Gray Lentrn-us c
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APPENDIX 5. STATISTICAL METHODS MEA
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significance was tested at p- o, o5
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(4) (5) ý6) SOURCE OF VARTATION DE
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STUDENTS t-TEIST. COMPARISON OF. IM
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REFERENCES ABO-1alATWA N. (1977). N
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*BUTCHER (1966). Cited by Ka'a"rik
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DESAI A. J. and PANDEY S. N. (1971)
Page 427 and 428:
CRAY T, R, G. and WILL1AMS S. T. (1
Page 429 and 430:
JOHNSON L. F. and CURL E. A. (1972)
Page 431 and 432:
MANDELS M. and 'REESE H. T. (1965).
Page 433 and 434:
OTIENO N. C. (1964). Contributions
Page 435 and 436:
RUELLE J. E. (1970). A reviniqn of
Page 437 and 438:
THORNTON R, H, (1960). Growth of fu
Page 439:
WOOD T. G. and OHIAGU C, E. (1976).
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