ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSIS OF TER ITOMYCES ...

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5*64 Soil plastered over Incubated 1-facrotermes belliconus fungus comb 7.4.1 Termit=ces culture clearing Remazol Blue dyed cellophane overlay 337 28 plates in all* 243 19.
GENMAL INTRODUCTI<strong>ON</strong> Termites are Insects In the order Isoptera, They occur In tropicals sub-tropical,, semi-arid and to some extent warm temperate regions as far as 450 north and southe This results In approximately two-thirds of the land surface coming within the limits of their distribution (wood 1976, Wood and Sands 1978)* Mmy are important and often dominant members of the soil faunaq feeding on plant tinsuo which may be living$ dead or decaying, and playing a significant role In the cycling of nutrients by affecting all stages of decomposition* They are social Insects, with different morphological forms or castesq living in highly organized communities with each caste performing different functions. They differ from hymenopteran social insects in that they are homi- metabolous 9 the castes are usually bisexual and there are no known subsocial groups (Krishna 1969)o They usually live in nests of their own constructiong the nest system often being very extensive. Their burrowing and nest buildingg together with their feeding habitaq renults In them having a large effect on soil physical and chemical properties as well as vegetation, agriculture and wooden structures of man. There are approximately 11900 living and fossil species (Krishna 1969)s of which approximately 1400 are living (CM-Aton 1961), The fossils are closely related to the living species, little change having occurred over millions of yearn (Wood and Sands 1978). In tho 5 families of lower termites and the family, TermLtidae, the higher termitesq there are 168 Genera, The TermLtidao Includes approximately 75% of knawn species (Lee and 20.
Page 1 and 2: ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSI
Page 3 and 4: The establishment of Tennisces in n
Page 5 and 6: 3*1,5 The effect on spore geminatio
Page 7 and 8: 5-7 PRI-: VMTION OF SPORE CM1111NAT
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES Legends have been a
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES 1, egends have been
Page 13 and 14: 5.2.6 Fungi cultured by direct isol
Page 15 and 16: 6.21.6 The first flight and appeara
Page 17: LIST OP PLATES Leoends have been ab
Page 21 and 22: Popudacanthotermes Ethiopian 2 Spha
Page 23 and 24: (Bela perse comj, China (Cheo, 1948
Page 25 and 26: alAPrER ONP A HISTORY OF THE STUDY
Page 27 and 28: there van a connection between the
Page 29 and 30: etween A. duthipi and the basidioca
Page 31 and 32: Intentionally by the termites and r
Page 33 and 34: MAKER " WO GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
Page 35 and 36: plots remained as woodland, 2 were
Page 37 and 38: p5 4 Experimentý! _ý, Plots ß. %
Page 39 and 40: TAMZ 2olol ChemIc&I and particle si
Page 41 and 42: TABLE 2.2.1 Monthly rainfall figure
Page 43 and 44: ff, tn II c14 21 CII ID Ct 8 U b- 4
Page 45 and 46: -ff C: ) 0 CO 0 (0 6060,0', 6::.. 0
Page 47 and 48: The soldiers may also be dimorphic,
Page 49 and 50: PLATE 2.3.1. Macrotermes bellicosus
Page 51 and 52: 2.3-2 SPECIES OF TMtITES STUDIED An
Page 53 and 54: season (Collins 1977)o It forages u
Page 55 and 56: PLATE 2.3.2 Ancistrotermes cavithor
Page 58: PIATE 2.3.4 Macrotermes bellicosus
Page 61 and 62: . OWIA fr/ o"m law pp ,. 1, ýP, --
Page 63 and 64: ,.; ý; I.. 4, .. . 4, WL r7.. I It
Page 65 and 66: They forage an the surface in the w
Page 67 and 68: MIC. 1 toots CAL& Ail
Page 69 and 70:
2.4.1 TMMXTOMYCES IN NATURE 2*4 TMM
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CHAPTEn WEE DETERMINATION OF ISOIAT
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depth was the same for all plates a
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0,05 ol-l (Eckert et al. 1961)- As
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(e) Cornmeal agar CUS04- 51lqO@ (g)
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and Penicilliun. Several Banidlomyc
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(e) Sorbic acid Sorble acid at 0.05
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TABLE 3*lo2 Antifungal substances p
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- uu b- nnmn 0000 %_. §.. A %. 0 W
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ý1- old ý 0 ýa 1. -0 . -% 0 I. A
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3-1.3-',, ', ConclusiOns (1) Substa
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Q2 bw- 0 ). d 5. 8 (+ 0 c (2 c: :1
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0 0o1: 1, .n R a I- ? in p pp 6- 0
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'"l r 8 (A fl- bo. '2 lot. a -4 1-
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(1) Substances appearino to be unsu
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slight controlling Offect on the _P
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CWI (3) - MI + Denlate (OoOl gl-Jý
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I II It UU f) n oo (D iD aa bd. to
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distilled water 19000 ml Kl'. ': IP
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3*2*3 ]RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The r
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3.3,1 3-3 DETEMINATION OF THE OPTIK
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TABLE, 3.3.3 Analysis of variance o
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SLn3 21 MOC 240C 290C 320C 350C 20K
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Mean diameter of colony (m m) 16-1
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FIGURE 3.3-3. Mean diameter of Term
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 16 14
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Change in mean diametE (mm) 1 day 1
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[3-[3 Macrotermes bellicosus A-A M.
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3-3-4 DISCUSSION The growth curves
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Tbis species in not mound building
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3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 3*4 MMIMNATION O
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Between rIlls Interaction 4. o - 4-
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OD 154 4. o 4.3 4.6 4.9 5. " 5.5 4.
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Mean 15 I diameter 13 I 9 1 7 5 of
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 20 -t
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tolerant of low 01 values than thos
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3.5 GROWTH OF DIFFERWT TLP-MITOMYCE
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FIGURE 3-5-1- (a), (b)v (c), (d), (
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16- Me an 1 0 diameter of colony (m
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TABLE 3-5.12 Analysis of variance o
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TABLZ 3.5.3 The growth of Termitomy
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FIGURE 3.5.2. Regression of growth
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CHAPTEn FOUR TERHITOWCES IN CULTURE
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44 (A ig In tr ý (+ re- m 0 fD r (
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to F IR 0 0 t oe l l. aW 0 ýa 9)-
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AN 93
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IS 5' SI PLATE Termitomyces culture
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PLATE 4.1.2. TermitomIces cultures
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TA= 4,1,3 production of cultural my
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TABLE 4.1.5 Production of mycotUtes
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more favourable for their productio
Page 179 and 180:
#W. FA 40 60 0 P. * n ic 3 32 f+ ti
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": I p I a *m. ". 4 S 0 (+ 11 3 -%A
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1649 FIGURZ 4*2*1* Lengtb, of Termi
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FIGURE 4.2*2. Width of Termitomyces
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4.2.3 -PISCUSSION Spores were not p
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4.3.1 MMUDS 4.3 BLASTMPME, GMMINATI
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a0 FiGuRE 4.3-1- (a)q (b), (c), Pro
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4.3.3 DISCUSSION The blastospores g
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5-1-1 INTPODUCTION 5.1 HMIMS In ord
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The Isolation of Termft2=ces, posiD
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developing on the plates. %- The nu
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TABLE 5*14 Number of fungal colonie
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5 days when the fungi were assigned
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circumferences of queen cell (Plate
Page 207:
PLATZ- 5.2.1, Fungus comb removed f
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TABLE 5*3*1 The dimensionx of vario
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TA13LE 5,2.5 Density of Macrotermes
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J*- i 0--k M0 '0 0 b-0 101 1.0 V 42
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i TABLE 5*2.8 Analysis of variance
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1 TABLE !;, 2*10 Similarities In fu
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After approximately I week In the n
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time In the foodstore-lUngua comb s
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TABLE 5., 2*12 Mean number of Terml
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Discussion In comparing Tables 5-2*
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TABLE 5.2olt& Presence of bolus In
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m 10 0 Md re m La 0 > r 1 eg o V3 (
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5-3-1 IIMZODUCTICV AND MVIODS 5-3 M
Page 234 and 235:
D 0*0 ft *** a siqnlficaný dIffere
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5,3*3 DISCUSSION There In a signifi
Page 238 and 239:
"'"30 plates of "ch medium were set
Page 240 and 241:
TADLE 5.4.2 He= number of t=gal tol
Page 242 and 243:
The levels of significant differenc
Page 244 and 245:
222o NUMB NURSE FORAGERS FORAGERS W
Page 246 and 247:
On the selective medium dilution pl
Page 248 and 249:
ýo 9 n er e 2: le 0-ý n 9 bm 2ý
Page 250 and 251:
In the dloostive system of H, belli
Page 252 and 253:
and Singh, Ungh and Singh (ITIO) ob
Page 254 and 255:
Table 5-6-1 Fungi developing on Inc
Page 256 and 257:
4 cr ic %-C " loo R. V Put f+ 0 OV
Page 258 and 259:
TABLE 596A Foodstore afterý one ye
Page 260 and 261:
1 FIGURE 5.6-3. Fungi developing on
Page 262 and 263:
A . - X. '.. p ". 2 Xylaria . x. K
Page 264 and 265:
N p ir
Page 267 and 268:
PLATE 5.6.5. Soil plastered over in
Page 269 and 270:
Discussion There was very little fu
Page 271 and 272:
(1) xylaria nIqri]2ex Known ýrm Af
Page 273 and 274:
Sordarin f1micala and Epicoccum nip
Page 275 and 276:
The appcarance of the foodstore aft
Page 277 and 278:
all species of termitest and Smay b
Page 279 and 280:
loottbmley mul Fuller 1921, Trinerv
Page 281 and 282:
from the wound and unworked soil fr
Page 283 and 284:
Discussion The. soil freshly worked
Page 285 and 286:
P. b44 >d 4 * 9 6ý a to b-ä- bo.
Page 287 and 288:
Comparing the results. of both sets
Page 289 and 290:
Discussion DLfferent ruggostions ha
Page 291 and 292:
gastric juice so that It became a m
Page 293 and 294:
5.8.1 INTRODMTION 5,11 VAIMING TECH
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1 --) D .1 7 8 270a FIGURE 5.8.1. W
Page 297 and 298:
mean number of fungi 25 2C Washwate
Page 299 and 300:
and TrIchoderma Are usually isolate
Page 301 and 302:
6.1 MGZ IN SOILS, 6.1*1 FLTML POPUL
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u c NSD u T5 n TV **o m T!; NSD - 0
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TOM 6.1.4 Siodlarities In fungal sp
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was from a similar area althouoh wi
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0-5 ". 5-50 0-5 Pit A 5-25 2!; -50
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horizons of the soil (Swift 1976),
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plates to'datermine the generaj ran
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1 ri e c: 1 f3 &2 1 cr M 1 n tD n W
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Dizcufý. Asion The results show th
Page 319 and 320:
6*2*2 ''EIASIDICCARP PRODUCTION IN
Page 321 and 322:
296. Termit2=ps microcarpupq from C
Page 323 and 324:
Fit 4 "0 w 00 6o ý; &I mP rA C: 4
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a 9 9 9 In 10 . 0% 61 06 ic e f* 32
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Discussion (1) Association between
Page 329 and 330:
in Table 6.2.7 miy be Indorrects If
Page 331 and 332:
which-aro 2-4 cm in diameter and di
Page 333 and 334:
temperature In tile rAiny season rw
Page 335 and 336:
OLUYrL. n SEVEN WE MYSTOWGICAL MIS
Page 337 and 338:
i w Owl' " p 0 li c vi %A t" S 9 ,
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TABLS 7-1*6 Hoisture contents of my
Page 341 and 342:
cmd In maintained around 93-99% (Il
Page 343 and 344:
7.2.1 ýMIODS, 7.2 I! H The rAi of
Page 345 and 346:
7.2-3 ]DISCUSSION Tho fungus combs,
Page 347 and 348:
7-3-1 INTRODUCTION 7.3 LIGNIN DDGRA
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(b) soft rot, fungi. Under very moi
Page 351 and 352:
7-3-2- )ODIODS (1) Red cabbage extr
Page 353 and 354:
TABLE 7-3-3 Reaction of TermitVycom
Page 355 and 356:
The reactions did not vary In any c
Page 357 and 358:
7.4.1 INTRODUCTION 7.4 CELLULOSE DW
Page 359 and 360:
the solution was read at 595 no aga
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0 :1 1 m 1 JAN 5 k*O 10 ýe ý tv p
Page 363 and 364:
- «ý 4e _e %, >ýý . *- A. 0ý I
Page 365 and 366:
enz, yme production are affected by
Page 367 and 368:
ut In general the ccab in too acidi
Page 369 and 370:
All those substancea are therefore
Page 371 and 372:
I RR I. fD a) 00 www 99 + W. m 4 ý
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9 2 3 a W. c 5 2 0 Z
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l I r. * t+ bd. n tt o id. 1 9 p th
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Temlt2rm7ces, appears to be unusual
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7-6 MINERAL CbNTr., NT'oF taimmmiT
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FIGURE 7.6.1. Amount of nitrogen in
Page 383 and 384:
0 :s-w w2 ooý. "I 0 I q+ 0) 1A r,
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7-6*3 DISCUSSION Nitro2en in genera
Page 387 and 388:
needed to degrade uric acid nitroge
Page 389 and 390:
on comparing the nutrient content o
Page 391 and 392:
811 =MITOMYCES IN CULTURE Termit=cp
Page 393 and 394:
when they left the-nesto whereas in
Page 395 and 396:
workers with a lower nitrogen requi
Page 397 and 398:
8*4 SIMMIOSIS BETW M- X? 4SMTS AND
Page 399 and 400:
Iý8.5 EVOLUTION OF ME SYMOSIS Tito
Page 401 and 402:
a viable fungus combo Construction
Page 403 and 404:
APPENDICES 376.
Page 405 and 406:
POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR (PDA) water 11
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APPENDIX 2 MILTONS nUID Miltons ste
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0. obscuriceRs (Wasmann) 0. patruus
Page 411 and 412:
Lactarius Pers. ex Gray Lentrn-us c
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APPENDIX 5. STATISTICAL METHODS MEA
Page 415 and 416:
significance was tested at p- o, o5
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(4) (5) ý6) SOURCE OF VARTATION DE
Page 419 and 420:
STUDENTS t-TEIST. COMPARISON OF. IM
Page 421 and 422:
REFERENCES ABO-1alATWA N. (1977). N
Page 423 and 424:
*BUTCHER (1966). Cited by Ka'a"rik
Page 425 and 426:
DESAI A. J. and PANDEY S. N. (1971)
Page 427 and 428:
CRAY T, R, G. and WILL1AMS S. T. (1
Page 429 and 430:
JOHNSON L. F. and CURL E. A. (1972)
Page 431 and 432:
MANDELS M. and 'REESE H. T. (1965).
Page 433 and 434:
OTIENO N. C. (1964). Contributions
Page 435 and 436:
RUELLE J. E. (1970). A reviniqn of
Page 437 and 438:
THORNTON R, H, (1960). Growth of fu
Page 439:
WOOD T. G. and OHIAGU C, E. (1976).
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