ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSIS OF TER ITOMYCES ...

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MISRA J. N# and RANGANATHAN V. (1954). Digestion of cellulose by the mound building termite, Termes (2Zclotermes) obeaus (Rambur). Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 39,100-113. *MONTALENTI, r.. (1932). Gli enzimidegerenti e l'asorbimento delle sostanze solubile nelltintestino delle termiti. Archo. zool. ital. 16, 859-864. MONTEGUT J. (1960). Value of the dilution method. In The Ecology of Soil Fungi. International Symposium, eds. Do Parkinson and J. S. Waid, __An 43-49. Liverpool University Press. MOORE R. L., BASSETT B. B. and SWIFT M. J. (1979). Developments in the Remazol Brilliant Blue dye-assay for studying the ecology of cellulose decomposition. Soil Biol. Biochem. 11,311-321. MUKERJI Do and MITRA P. K. (1941). Ecology of the mound-building termite, Odontotermes redemanni (Wasmann)in relation to measures of control. Proc. zool. Soc. Beng. 2,9-26. MUKIIBI J. (1973). The nutritional value of some Uganda mushrooms. Acta Horticulturae 33,171-175. NADAKAVUKAREN H. J. and HORNER -C. E. (1959). An alcohol agar medium se+ective for determining Verticillium microselerotia in soil Phytopathology 49,527-528. HATARAJAN K. (1975). South Indian Agaricales 1. Termit2Mces. Kavaka 3. 63-66. wATARAJAN Y, ., (1979). South Indian Agaricales So Termitopyces heimii. Mycolog Zl, 853-855. NORRIS Di. M, (1972). Dependence of fertility and progeny development of Xyleborus ferrugineus upon chemicals from its gymbiotes. In Insect and Mite Nutrition, ed. J. C. Rodriguez, 299-309. North Holland, Amsterdam. OHIAVC, E. and WOOD ToG, (1976). A method for measuring rate of grass- harvesting by Trinervitermes geminatus (Wasmann) (Isoptera, Nasutitermitiuae) and observation on its foraging behaviour in Southern Guinea savanna, Nigeria. J. appl. Ecol. 13,705-713. ORPURT P. A. and CURTIS J. T. (1957). Soil microfungi in relation to the prairie continuum in Wisconsin. gq2joM L8,628-637. OSO B. A. (1975). Mushrooms and the Yoruba people of Nigeria. Mycologia 67,311-319. 405
OTIENO N. C. (1964). Contributions to a knowledge of termite fungi in 406 East Africa: The genus Termitomyces Beim. Proc. E. Afr, Avad. . 1,108-120. OTIENOO N, C. (1968). Further contributions to a knowledge of termite fungi in East Africa: The genus Termitomyces, Ueim. SZdowia 220 160-165. PAPAVIZAS G. C. (1964). New medium for the isolation of Thielaviopsis basicola on dilution plates from soil and rhizoophere. PhZtopathologZ l4vl475-1481. PAPAVIZAS G. C. (1967). Evaluation of various media and antimicrobial agents for isolation of Fusarium from soil. Phytopathology 57v 848-852. PAPAVIZAS G. C. and DAVEY C. B. (1959). Evaluation of various ineAia and antimicrobial agents for isolation of soil fungi. Soil Sci. 88. 112-117. PARKINSON, Do (1973). Techniques for the study of soil fungi. Bull. ecol. Res. Comm. awed. nat. Sci. Res. Coun. 17,29-36. PARKINSON Do and WILLL414S S. T. (1961). A method for isolating fungi from soil microhabitats. Pi. Soil 13(4) 347-355. *PATOUILLARD No Cited by Petch (1913b). Bull. Soc. mycol_. F-r. 14,182. PEGLER D. N. (1969). Studies on African Agaricales: 2. Kew Bull. 23(2), 219-249. PEGLER D. N. (1977). A preliminary agaric flora of Kenya. Kew Bull, Addit. Ser. 6,277-295. PEGLER D. N. and RAYNER R. W. (1969). A contribution to the Agaric flora of Kenya. Kew Bull. 23(3), 347-412. PETCH T. (1906). The fungi of -certain PeradeniZa'. 3(2), 185-270. termite nests. Ann. R. bot. Uns. PETCH To (1913a). White ants and fungi. Ann. R. bot. Gdna. Peradeniya 5(4), 389-393. PETCH To (1913b). Termite fun&ix A resume. Ann. R. bot. Gdnx. Peradeniya UM), 303-341. POTTS R. C. and EMTT P. H. (1972). Some properties of an aryl-)! ý-Zlucosidase from the harvester termite, Trinervitermes trinervoides. Insect Biochem. 2.400-408. POTTS RoCo and UEWITT P. H. (1973). The distribution of intestinal bacteria and cellulase activity in the harvester termite. Trinervitermss trinervoides (Nanutitermitinae), Insectes soc. 20(3) 215-220o
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ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSI
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The establishment of Tennisces in n
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3*1,5 The effect on spore geminatio
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5-7 PRI-: VMTION OF SPORE CM1111NAT
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LIST OF FIGURES Legends have been a
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LIST OF TABLES 1, egends have been
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5.2.6 Fungi cultured by direct isol
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6.21.6 The first flight and appeara
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LIST OP PLATES Leoends have been ab
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GENMAL INTRODUCTION Termites are In
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Popudacanthotermes Ethiopian 2 Spha
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(Bela perse comj, China (Cheo, 1948
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alAPrER ONP A HISTORY OF THE STUDY
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there van a connection between the
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etween A. duthipi and the basidioca
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Intentionally by the termites and r
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MAKER " WO GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
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plots remained as woodland, 2 were
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p5 4 Experimentý! _ý, Plots ß. %
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TAMZ 2olol ChemIc&I and particle si
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TABLE 2.2.1 Monthly rainfall figure
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ff, tn II c14 21 CII ID Ct 8 U b- 4
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-ff C: ) 0 CO 0 (0 6060,0', 6::.. 0
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The soldiers may also be dimorphic,
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PLATE 2.3.1. Macrotermes bellicosus
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2.3-2 SPECIES OF TMtITES STUDIED An
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season (Collins 1977)o It forages u
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PLATE 2.3.2 Ancistrotermes cavithor
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PIATE 2.3.4 Macrotermes bellicosus
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. OWIA fr/ o"m law pp ,. 1, ýP, --
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,.; ý; I.. 4, .. . 4, WL r7.. I It
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They forage an the surface in the w
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MIC. 1 toots CAL& Ail
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2.4.1 TMMXTOMYCES IN NATURE 2*4 TMM
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CHAPTEn WEE DETERMINATION OF ISOIAT
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depth was the same for all plates a
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0,05 ol-l (Eckert et al. 1961)- As
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(e) Cornmeal agar CUS04- 51lqO@ (g)
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and Penicilliun. Several Banidlomyc
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(e) Sorbic acid Sorble acid at 0.05
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TABLE 3*lo2 Antifungal substances p
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- uu b- nnmn 0000 %_. §.. A %. 0 W
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ý1- old ý 0 ýa 1. -0 . -% 0 I. A
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3-1.3-',, ', ConclusiOns (1) Substa
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Q2 bw- 0 ). d 5. 8 (+ 0 c (2 c: :1
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0 0o1: 1, .n R a I- ? in p pp 6- 0
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'"l r 8 (A fl- bo. '2 lot. a -4 1-
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(1) Substances appearino to be unsu
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slight controlling Offect on the _P
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CWI (3) - MI + Denlate (OoOl gl-Jý
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I II It UU f) n oo (D iD aa bd. to
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distilled water 19000 ml Kl'. ': IP
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3*2*3 ]RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The r
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3.3,1 3-3 DETEMINATION OF THE OPTIK
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TABLE, 3.3.3 Analysis of variance o
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SLn3 21 MOC 240C 290C 320C 350C 20K
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Mean diameter of colony (m m) 16-1
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FIGURE 3.3-3. Mean diameter of Term
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 16 14
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Change in mean diametE (mm) 1 day 1
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[3-[3 Macrotermes bellicosus A-A M.
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3-3-4 DISCUSSION The growth curves
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Tbis species in not mound building
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3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 3*4 MMIMNATION O
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Between rIlls Interaction 4. o - 4-
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OD 154 4. o 4.3 4.6 4.9 5. " 5.5 4.
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Mean 15 I diameter 13 I 9 1 7 5 of
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 20 -t
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tolerant of low 01 values than thos
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3.5 GROWTH OF DIFFERWT TLP-MITOMYCE
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FIGURE 3-5-1- (a), (b)v (c), (d), (
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16- Me an 1 0 diameter of colony (m
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TABLE 3-5.12 Analysis of variance o
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TABLZ 3.5.3 The growth of Termitomy
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FIGURE 3.5.2. Regression of growth
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CHAPTEn FOUR TERHITOWCES IN CULTURE
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44 (A ig In tr ý (+ re- m 0 fD r (
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to F IR 0 0 t oe l l. aW 0 ýa 9)-
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AN 93
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IS 5' SI PLATE Termitomyces culture
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PLATE 4.1.2. TermitomIces cultures
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TA= 4,1,3 production of cultural my
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TABLE 4.1.5 Production of mycotUtes
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more favourable for their productio
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#W. FA 40 60 0 P. * n ic 3 32 f+ ti
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": I p I a *m. ". 4 S 0 (+ 11 3 -%A
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1649 FIGURZ 4*2*1* Lengtb, of Termi
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FIGURE 4.2*2. Width of Termitomyces
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4.2.3 -PISCUSSION Spores were not p
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4.3.1 MMUDS 4.3 BLASTMPME, GMMINATI
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a0 FiGuRE 4.3-1- (a)q (b), (c), Pro
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4.3.3 DISCUSSION The blastospores g
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5-1-1 INTPODUCTION 5.1 HMIMS In ord
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The Isolation of Termft2=ces, posiD
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developing on the plates. %- The nu
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TABLE 5*14 Number of fungal colonie
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5 days when the fungi were assigned
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circumferences of queen cell (Plate
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PLATZ- 5.2.1, Fungus comb removed f
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TABLE 5*3*1 The dimensionx of vario
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TA13LE 5,2.5 Density of Macrotermes
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J*- i 0--k M0 '0 0 b-0 101 1.0 V 42
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i TABLE 5*2.8 Analysis of variance
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1 TABLE !;, 2*10 Similarities In fu
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After approximately I week In the n
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time In the foodstore-lUngua comb s
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TABLE 5., 2*12 Mean number of Terml
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Discussion In comparing Tables 5-2*
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TABLE 5.2olt& Presence of bolus In
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m 10 0 Md re m La 0 > r 1 eg o V3 (
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5-3-1 IIMZODUCTICV AND MVIODS 5-3 M
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D 0*0 ft *** a siqnlficaný dIffere
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5,3*3 DISCUSSION There In a signifi
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"'"30 plates of "ch medium were set
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TADLE 5.4.2 He= number of t=gal tol
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The levels of significant differenc
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222o NUMB NURSE FORAGERS FORAGERS W
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On the selective medium dilution pl
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ýo 9 n er e 2: le 0-ý n 9 bm 2ý
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In the dloostive system of H, belli
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and Singh, Ungh and Singh (ITIO) ob
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Table 5-6-1 Fungi developing on Inc
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4 cr ic %-C " loo R. V Put f+ 0 OV
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TABLE 596A Foodstore afterý one ye
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1 FIGURE 5.6-3. Fungi developing on
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A . - X. '.. p ". 2 Xylaria . x. K
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N p ir
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PLATE 5.6.5. Soil plastered over in
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Discussion There was very little fu
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(1) xylaria nIqri]2ex Known ýrm Af
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Sordarin f1micala and Epicoccum nip
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The appcarance of the foodstore aft
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all species of termitest and Smay b
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loottbmley mul Fuller 1921, Trinerv
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from the wound and unworked soil fr
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Discussion The. soil freshly worked
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P. b44 >d 4 * 9 6ý a to b-ä- bo.
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Comparing the results. of both sets
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Discussion DLfferent ruggostions ha
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gastric juice so that It became a m
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5.8.1 INTRODMTION 5,11 VAIMING TECH
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1 --) D .1 7 8 270a FIGURE 5.8.1. W
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mean number of fungi 25 2C Washwate
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and TrIchoderma Are usually isolate
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6.1 MGZ IN SOILS, 6.1*1 FLTML POPUL
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u c NSD u T5 n TV **o m T!; NSD - 0
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TOM 6.1.4 Siodlarities In fungal sp
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was from a similar area althouoh wi
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0-5 ". 5-50 0-5 Pit A 5-25 2!; -50
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horizons of the soil (Swift 1976),
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plates to'datermine the generaj ran
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1 ri e c: 1 f3 &2 1 cr M 1 n tD n W
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Dizcufý. Asion The results show th
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6*2*2 ''EIASIDICCARP PRODUCTION IN
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296. Termit2=ps microcarpupq from C
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Fit 4 "0 w 00 6o ý; &I mP rA C: 4
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a 9 9 9 In 10 . 0% 61 06 ic e f* 32
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Discussion (1) Association between
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in Table 6.2.7 miy be Indorrects If
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which-aro 2-4 cm in diameter and di
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temperature In tile rAiny season rw
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OLUYrL. n SEVEN WE MYSTOWGICAL MIS
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i w Owl' " p 0 li c vi %A t" S 9 ,
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TABLS 7-1*6 Hoisture contents of my
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cmd In maintained around 93-99% (Il
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7.2.1 ýMIODS, 7.2 I! H The rAi of
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7.2-3 ]DISCUSSION Tho fungus combs,
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7-3-1 INTRODUCTION 7.3 LIGNIN DDGRA
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(b) soft rot, fungi. Under very moi
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7-3-2- )ODIODS (1) Red cabbage extr
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TABLE 7-3-3 Reaction of TermitVycom
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The reactions did not vary In any c
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7.4.1 INTRODUCTION 7.4 CELLULOSE DW
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the solution was read at 595 no aga
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0 :1 1 m 1 JAN 5 k*O 10 ýe ý tv p
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- «ý 4e _e %, >ýý . *- A. 0ý I
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enz, yme production are affected by
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ut In general the ccab in too acidi
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All those substancea are therefore
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I RR I. fD a) 00 www 99 + W. m 4 ý
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9 2 3 a W. c 5 2 0 Z
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l I r. * t+ bd. n tt o id. 1 9 p th
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Temlt2rm7ces, appears to be unusual
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7-6 MINERAL CbNTr., NT'oF taimmmiT
Page 381 and 382: FIGURE 7.6.1. Amount of nitrogen in
Page 383 and 384: 0 :s-w w2 ooý. "I 0 I q+ 0) 1A r,
Page 385 and 386: 7-6*3 DISCUSSION Nitro2en in genera
Page 387 and 388: needed to degrade uric acid nitroge
Page 389 and 390: on comparing the nutrient content o
Page 391 and 392: 811 =MITOMYCES IN CULTURE Termit=cp
Page 393 and 394: when they left the-nesto whereas in
Page 395 and 396: workers with a lower nitrogen requi
Page 397 and 398: 8*4 SIMMIOSIS BETW M- X? 4SMTS AND
Page 399 and 400: Iý8.5 EVOLUTION OF ME SYMOSIS Tito
Page 401 and 402: a viable fungus combo Construction
Page 403 and 404: APPENDICES 376.
Page 405 and 406: POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR (PDA) water 11
Page 407 and 408: APPENDIX 2 MILTONS nUID Miltons ste
Page 409 and 410: 0. obscuriceRs (Wasmann) 0. patruus
Page 411 and 412: Lactarius Pers. ex Gray Lentrn-us c
Page 413 and 414: APPENDIX 5. STATISTICAL METHODS MEA
Page 415 and 416: significance was tested at p- o, o5
Page 417 and 418: (4) (5) ý6) SOURCE OF VARTATION DE
Page 419 and 420: STUDENTS t-TEIST. COMPARISON OF. IM
Page 421 and 422: REFERENCES ABO-1alATWA N. (1977). N
Page 423 and 424: *BUTCHER (1966). Cited by Ka'a"rik
Page 425 and 426: DESAI A. J. and PANDEY S. N. (1971)
Page 427 and 428: CRAY T, R, G. and WILL1AMS S. T. (1
Page 429 and 430: JOHNSON L. F. and CURL E. A. (1972)
Page 431: MANDELS M. and 'REESE H. T. (1965).
Page 435 and 436: RUELLE J. E. (1970). A reviniqn of
Page 437 and 438: THORNTON R, H, (1960). Growth of fu
Page 439: WOOD T. G. and OHIAGU C, E. (1976).
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