ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSIS OF TER ITOMYCES ...

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FRENCH J*R*J. (1975). The role of termite hindgut bacteria in wood decomposition. Material Organismen 10 Slat 1-13. FRENCH J. R. J. and BLAND D*E. (1975). Lignin degradation in the termites CoRtotermes lacteus and Nasutitermes exitiosus, Material Organismen, 10 (4)9 281-288. FRENCH J*R. Jes TURNER G*L. and BRADBURY J. F. (1936). Nitrogen fixation by the bacteria from the hindgut of termites. J. gen. Microbiol. 95s 202-206. GARRETT S*D* (1951). Ecological groups of soil fungi :a survey of substrate relationships. New Phytol. 50 (2)1,149-166. GHIDINI G*H. (1938). La presumibile funzione delle spugne legnose net nidi dei Metatermitidi. Riv. Biol. colon, 1.261-267. GIBB<strong>ON</strong> W. F. (1874). Fungi from interior of a white ant-bill. Crevillea 39 165-166. GRASSE P, P, (1937). Recherches our la systematique et labiologie des termites do l'Afrique occidentale Frangaisee Ann1s Soc. ent. Fr, 1060 1-100. ý, 'RAgSE P. P. (1944). Recherches our Is biologie des Termites champignonnistes (Macrotermitinae)o Ann1s Set. nat. lle sborie 6,97-171. GRASSE P*P. (1949). Ordre des Isopteres ou termites. In Traite' de Zoologie Vol. 9. ed. P. P. Gtass'800 pp 408-544. Masson, ? aris. 10 GRASSE P. Pe (1959). Vne nouveau type do symbiose : La meule alimentaire 0#1 des termites champignonnistes. Hature, - Paris. 3293,385-389. GRASSE Pop* (1976). Sur I& vleritable nature et le r8le des meules a Champignons construites par les Termites Macrotermitinae (looptera Termitidae)o C. ro hebd. Seanc. Acad. Sci., Paris (ser. D) L87,1223-1226. GTMSE P. P. and HEIH R. ý(1950). Un Te=itglVceg eur moules d1un Ancistrotermes Africain. Rev. Sci, 88 L09 3-13* GRASSE P. Pe and NOIROT C, (1957). La signification des meules 3- champignons des Macrotermitinas (Ins. Isoptýores). C. r. hebd,, Seýanco Acad. Sciojaris 244,1845-1850. GRASSE PoP. and NOIROT Co (1958). La meule des termites champignonnistes et sa signification symbiotique. AnnIs Sci. nat. (11) 20,113-128. ae GRASSE PePo and NOIROT Co (1961). Nouvelles recharches our la. systeM&tique et 1'ethologie des termites champignomistes du genre Bellicanitermes Emerson, Insectes soc. 8.311-359. 399
CRAY T, R, G. and WILL1AMS S. T. (1971). Soil Micro-organisms. University Reviews in Botany 2s ed, V. H. Heywood. Oliver and Boyd. GRIFFIN D. M* (1972). EcoloZZ of Soil Funýi . Chapman and Hall, London. IIAMM J. L. =d WAID J-S. (1955). A method of studying active Mycelia on living roots and other surfaces in the zoil. Trans. Br. =ycol. _Soc. 28,104-118. ric-. J. 17, HARRIS 'W. V. (1951). The ubiquitous termite. E. Afr. ar, 60-62. HARRIS W. V. (1961). Termites,. their recognition and control. Londong Longmans, 187pp. HAILRIS 1T. V. (1966). The genue Ancistrotermos (looptera). Bull. Br. mus. not. Hist. 18 (12-, 20pp. HARRIS W. V. (1969). ' Termiteeas pests of crops and trees. Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, 41pp. HEIM Ro (1940). Etudes descriptives et experi=entales our lea agarics termitophiles d'afrique tropicale. Acad. Sci. Inst. Pr, 64,1-74. IMIM R. (1942a). Les champignons des Termitieres. Nouveaux aspects d'un probleme do Biologic et do Bystem&tique generales. Rev. Sci. 8010 69-86. HEIM R. (1942b). Nouvelles etudes descriptives our lea Agarics Termitophiles d'Afrique tropicale. Archs Mus. natn. Hint. not. Paris 18,107-166. TMIX R. (1948). Nouvelles reussites culturales our lea Termitomyces. C. r. habd. Sganc. Acad. Sci., Parts 226 " 1488-1491. HEIM R. (1951). Les Termitomyces du Congo Belge recueLllis par Mad=c 11. Goossons-Pontana. Bull. dard. bot. hat Brux. 21, 205-222. HEIM R. (1952a). Classemant raisonne des parasites, symbiotes. cormensaux ot saprophytes d1origine fongique associes aux termites. 6th CongreIntern. Palot. C=. pp 15-21. Imp. J. Pueyo, Madrid. -2 Madrid, 1952, HEIM R. (1952b). Les TermitE=ces du Cameroun et du Congo francais. Denks. schweiz. naturf. Ges, 80,1-29, HEIM R. (1958). Pasc. 7: Termit=Casq In Plore Iconographique des ChampiLtLons du Conao,, 139-151. Jardin Dotan. Etat, Bruxelles. 400.
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ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSI
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The establishment of Tennisces in n
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3*1,5 The effect on spore geminatio
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5-7 PRI-: VMTION OF SPORE CM1111NAT
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LIST OF FIGURES Legends have been a
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LIST OF TABLES 1, egends have been
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5.2.6 Fungi cultured by direct isol
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6.21.6 The first flight and appeara
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LIST OP PLATES Leoends have been ab
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GENMAL INTRODUCTION Termites are In
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Popudacanthotermes Ethiopian 2 Spha
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(Bela perse comj, China (Cheo, 1948
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alAPrER ONP A HISTORY OF THE STUDY
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there van a connection between the
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etween A. duthipi and the basidioca
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Intentionally by the termites and r
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MAKER " WO GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
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plots remained as woodland, 2 were
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p5 4 Experimentý! _ý, Plots ß. %
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TAMZ 2olol ChemIc&I and particle si
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TABLE 2.2.1 Monthly rainfall figure
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ff, tn II c14 21 CII ID Ct 8 U b- 4
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-ff C: ) 0 CO 0 (0 6060,0', 6::.. 0
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The soldiers may also be dimorphic,
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PLATE 2.3.1. Macrotermes bellicosus
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2.3-2 SPECIES OF TMtITES STUDIED An
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season (Collins 1977)o It forages u
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PLATE 2.3.2 Ancistrotermes cavithor
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PIATE 2.3.4 Macrotermes bellicosus
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. OWIA fr/ o"m law pp ,. 1, ýP, --
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,.; ý; I.. 4, .. . 4, WL r7.. I It
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They forage an the surface in the w
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MIC. 1 toots CAL& Ail
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2.4.1 TMMXTOMYCES IN NATURE 2*4 TMM
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CHAPTEn WEE DETERMINATION OF ISOIAT
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depth was the same for all plates a
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0,05 ol-l (Eckert et al. 1961)- As
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(e) Cornmeal agar CUS04- 51lqO@ (g)
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and Penicilliun. Several Banidlomyc
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(e) Sorbic acid Sorble acid at 0.05
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TABLE 3*lo2 Antifungal substances p
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- uu b- nnmn 0000 %_. §.. A %. 0 W
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ý1- old ý 0 ýa 1. -0 . -% 0 I. A
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3-1.3-',, ', ConclusiOns (1) Substa
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Q2 bw- 0 ). d 5. 8 (+ 0 c (2 c: :1
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0 0o1: 1, .n R a I- ? in p pp 6- 0
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'"l r 8 (A fl- bo. '2 lot. a -4 1-
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(1) Substances appearino to be unsu
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slight controlling Offect on the _P
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CWI (3) - MI + Denlate (OoOl gl-Jý
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I II It UU f) n oo (D iD aa bd. to
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distilled water 19000 ml Kl'. ': IP
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3*2*3 ]RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The r
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3.3,1 3-3 DETEMINATION OF THE OPTIK
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TABLE, 3.3.3 Analysis of variance o
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SLn3 21 MOC 240C 290C 320C 350C 20K
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Mean diameter of colony (m m) 16-1
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FIGURE 3.3-3. Mean diameter of Term
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 16 14
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Change in mean diametE (mm) 1 day 1
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[3-[3 Macrotermes bellicosus A-A M.
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3-3-4 DISCUSSION The growth curves
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Tbis species in not mound building
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3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 3*4 MMIMNATION O
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Between rIlls Interaction 4. o - 4-
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OD 154 4. o 4.3 4.6 4.9 5. " 5.5 4.
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Mean 15 I diameter 13 I 9 1 7 5 of
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 20 -t
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tolerant of low 01 values than thos
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3.5 GROWTH OF DIFFERWT TLP-MITOMYCE
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FIGURE 3-5-1- (a), (b)v (c), (d), (
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16- Me an 1 0 diameter of colony (m
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TABLE 3-5.12 Analysis of variance o
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TABLZ 3.5.3 The growth of Termitomy
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FIGURE 3.5.2. Regression of growth
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CHAPTEn FOUR TERHITOWCES IN CULTURE
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44 (A ig In tr ý (+ re- m 0 fD r (
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to F IR 0 0 t oe l l. aW 0 ýa 9)-
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AN 93
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IS 5' SI PLATE Termitomyces culture
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PLATE 4.1.2. TermitomIces cultures
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TA= 4,1,3 production of cultural my
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TABLE 4.1.5 Production of mycotUtes
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more favourable for their productio
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#W. FA 40 60 0 P. * n ic 3 32 f+ ti
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": I p I a *m. ". 4 S 0 (+ 11 3 -%A
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1649 FIGURZ 4*2*1* Lengtb, of Termi
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FIGURE 4.2*2. Width of Termitomyces
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4.2.3 -PISCUSSION Spores were not p
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4.3.1 MMUDS 4.3 BLASTMPME, GMMINATI
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a0 FiGuRE 4.3-1- (a)q (b), (c), Pro
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4.3.3 DISCUSSION The blastospores g
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5-1-1 INTPODUCTION 5.1 HMIMS In ord
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The Isolation of Termft2=ces, posiD
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developing on the plates. %- The nu
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TABLE 5*14 Number of fungal colonie
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5 days when the fungi were assigned
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circumferences of queen cell (Plate
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PLATZ- 5.2.1, Fungus comb removed f
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TABLE 5*3*1 The dimensionx of vario
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TA13LE 5,2.5 Density of Macrotermes
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J*- i 0--k M0 '0 0 b-0 101 1.0 V 42
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i TABLE 5*2.8 Analysis of variance
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1 TABLE !;, 2*10 Similarities In fu
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After approximately I week In the n
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time In the foodstore-lUngua comb s
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TABLE 5., 2*12 Mean number of Terml
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Discussion In comparing Tables 5-2*
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TABLE 5.2olt& Presence of bolus In
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m 10 0 Md re m La 0 > r 1 eg o V3 (
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5-3-1 IIMZODUCTICV AND MVIODS 5-3 M
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D 0*0 ft *** a siqnlficaný dIffere
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5,3*3 DISCUSSION There In a signifi
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"'"30 plates of "ch medium were set
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TADLE 5.4.2 He= number of t=gal tol
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The levels of significant differenc
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222o NUMB NURSE FORAGERS FORAGERS W
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On the selective medium dilution pl
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ýo 9 n er e 2: le 0-ý n 9 bm 2ý
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In the dloostive system of H, belli
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and Singh, Ungh and Singh (ITIO) ob
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Table 5-6-1 Fungi developing on Inc
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4 cr ic %-C " loo R. V Put f+ 0 OV
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TABLE 596A Foodstore afterý one ye
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1 FIGURE 5.6-3. Fungi developing on
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A . - X. '.. p ". 2 Xylaria . x. K
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N p ir
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PLATE 5.6.5. Soil plastered over in
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Discussion There was very little fu
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(1) xylaria nIqri]2ex Known ýrm Af
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Sordarin f1micala and Epicoccum nip
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The appcarance of the foodstore aft
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all species of termitest and Smay b
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loottbmley mul Fuller 1921, Trinerv
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from the wound and unworked soil fr
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Discussion The. soil freshly worked
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P. b44 >d 4 * 9 6ý a to b-ä- bo.
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Comparing the results. of both sets
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Discussion DLfferent ruggostions ha
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gastric juice so that It became a m
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5.8.1 INTRODMTION 5,11 VAIMING TECH
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1 --) D .1 7 8 270a FIGURE 5.8.1. W
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mean number of fungi 25 2C Washwate
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and TrIchoderma Are usually isolate
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6.1 MGZ IN SOILS, 6.1*1 FLTML POPUL
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u c NSD u T5 n TV **o m T!; NSD - 0
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TOM 6.1.4 Siodlarities In fungal sp
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was from a similar area althouoh wi
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0-5 ". 5-50 0-5 Pit A 5-25 2!; -50
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horizons of the soil (Swift 1976),
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plates to'datermine the generaj ran
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1 ri e c: 1 f3 &2 1 cr M 1 n tD n W
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Dizcufý. Asion The results show th
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6*2*2 ''EIASIDICCARP PRODUCTION IN
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296. Termit2=ps microcarpupq from C
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Fit 4 "0 w 00 6o ý; &I mP rA C: 4
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a 9 9 9 In 10 . 0% 61 06 ic e f* 32
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Discussion (1) Association between
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in Table 6.2.7 miy be Indorrects If
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which-aro 2-4 cm in diameter and di
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temperature In tile rAiny season rw
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OLUYrL. n SEVEN WE MYSTOWGICAL MIS
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i w Owl' " p 0 li c vi %A t" S 9 ,
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TABLS 7-1*6 Hoisture contents of my
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cmd In maintained around 93-99% (Il
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7.2.1 ýMIODS, 7.2 I! H The rAi of
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7.2-3 ]DISCUSSION Tho fungus combs,
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7-3-1 INTRODUCTION 7.3 LIGNIN DDGRA
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(b) soft rot, fungi. Under very moi
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7-3-2- )ODIODS (1) Red cabbage extr
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TABLE 7-3-3 Reaction of TermitVycom
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The reactions did not vary In any c
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7.4.1 INTRODUCTION 7.4 CELLULOSE DW
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the solution was read at 595 no aga
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0 :1 1 m 1 JAN 5 k*O 10 ýe ý tv p
Page 363 and 364:
- «ý 4e _e %, >ýý . *- A. 0ý I
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enz, yme production are affected by
Page 367 and 368:
ut In general the ccab in too acidi
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All those substancea are therefore
Page 371 and 372:
I RR I. fD a) 00 www 99 + W. m 4 ý
Page 373 and 374:
9 2 3 a W. c 5 2 0 Z
Page 375 and 376: l I r. * t+ bd. n tt o id. 1 9 p th
Page 377 and 378: Temlt2rm7ces, appears to be unusual
Page 379 and 380: 7-6 MINERAL CbNTr., NT'oF taimmmiT
Page 381 and 382: FIGURE 7.6.1. Amount of nitrogen in
Page 383 and 384: 0 :s-w w2 ooý. "I 0 I q+ 0) 1A r,
Page 385 and 386: 7-6*3 DISCUSSION Nitro2en in genera
Page 387 and 388: needed to degrade uric acid nitroge
Page 389 and 390: on comparing the nutrient content o
Page 391 and 392: 811 =MITOMYCES IN CULTURE Termit=cp
Page 393 and 394: when they left the-nesto whereas in
Page 395 and 396: workers with a lower nitrogen requi
Page 397 and 398: 8*4 SIMMIOSIS BETW M- X? 4SMTS AND
Page 399 and 400: Iý8.5 EVOLUTION OF ME SYMOSIS Tito
Page 401 and 402: a viable fungus combo Construction
Page 403 and 404: APPENDICES 376.
Page 405 and 406: POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR (PDA) water 11
Page 407 and 408: APPENDIX 2 MILTONS nUID Miltons ste
Page 409 and 410: 0. obscuriceRs (Wasmann) 0. patruus
Page 411 and 412: Lactarius Pers. ex Gray Lentrn-us c
Page 413 and 414: APPENDIX 5. STATISTICAL METHODS MEA
Page 415 and 416: significance was tested at p- o, o5
Page 417 and 418: (4) (5) ý6) SOURCE OF VARTATION DE
Page 419 and 420: STUDENTS t-TEIST. COMPARISON OF. IM
Page 421 and 422: REFERENCES ABO-1alATWA N. (1977). N
Page 423 and 424: *BUTCHER (1966). Cited by Ka'a"rik
Page 425: DESAI A. J. and PANDEY S. N. (1971)
Page 429 and 430: JOHNSON L. F. and CURL E. A. (1972)
Page 431 and 432: MANDELS M. and 'REESE H. T. (1965).
Page 433 and 434: OTIENO N. C. (1964). Contributions
Page 435 and 436: RUELLE J. E. (1970). A reviniqn of
Page 437 and 438: THORNTON R, H, (1960). Growth of fu
Page 439: WOOD T. G. and OHIAGU C, E. (1976).
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