ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSIS OF TER ITOMYCES ...

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PLATE 5.6.5. Soil plastered over incubated Macrotermes bellicosus fungus comb by termites, 243*
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ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSI
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The establishment of Tennisces in n
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3*1,5 The effect on spore geminatio
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5-7 PRI-: VMTION OF SPORE CM1111NAT
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LIST OF FIGURES Legends have been a
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LIST OF TABLES 1, egends have been
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5.2.6 Fungi cultured by direct isol
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6.21.6 The first flight and appeara
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LIST OP PLATES Leoends have been ab
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GENMAL INTRODUCTION Termites are In
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Popudacanthotermes Ethiopian 2 Spha
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(Bela perse comj, China (Cheo, 1948
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alAPrER ONP A HISTORY OF THE STUDY
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there van a connection between the
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etween A. duthipi and the basidioca
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Intentionally by the termites and r
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MAKER " WO GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
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plots remained as woodland, 2 were
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p5 4 Experimentý! _ý, Plots ß. %
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TAMZ 2olol ChemIc&I and particle si
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TABLE 2.2.1 Monthly rainfall figure
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ff, tn II c14 21 CII ID Ct 8 U b- 4
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-ff C: ) 0 CO 0 (0 6060,0', 6::.. 0
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The soldiers may also be dimorphic,
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PLATE 2.3.1. Macrotermes bellicosus
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2.3-2 SPECIES OF TMtITES STUDIED An
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season (Collins 1977)o It forages u
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PLATE 2.3.2 Ancistrotermes cavithor
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PIATE 2.3.4 Macrotermes bellicosus
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. OWIA fr/ o"m law pp ,. 1, ýP, --
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,.; ý; I.. 4, .. . 4, WL r7.. I It
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They forage an the surface in the w
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MIC. 1 toots CAL& Ail
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2.4.1 TMMXTOMYCES IN NATURE 2*4 TMM
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CHAPTEn WEE DETERMINATION OF ISOIAT
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depth was the same for all plates a
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0,05 ol-l (Eckert et al. 1961)- As
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(e) Cornmeal agar CUS04- 51lqO@ (g)
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and Penicilliun. Several Banidlomyc
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(e) Sorbic acid Sorble acid at 0.05
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TABLE 3*lo2 Antifungal substances p
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- uu b- nnmn 0000 %_. §.. A %. 0 W
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ý1- old ý 0 ýa 1. -0 . -% 0 I. A
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3-1.3-',, ', ConclusiOns (1) Substa
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Q2 bw- 0 ). d 5. 8 (+ 0 c (2 c: :1
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0 0o1: 1, .n R a I- ? in p pp 6- 0
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'"l r 8 (A fl- bo. '2 lot. a -4 1-
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(1) Substances appearino to be unsu
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slight controlling Offect on the _P
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CWI (3) - MI + Denlate (OoOl gl-Jý
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I II It UU f) n oo (D iD aa bd. to
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distilled water 19000 ml Kl'. ': IP
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3*2*3 ]RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The r
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3.3,1 3-3 DETEMINATION OF THE OPTIK
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TABLE, 3.3.3 Analysis of variance o
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SLn3 21 MOC 240C 290C 320C 350C 20K
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Mean diameter of colony (m m) 16-1
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FIGURE 3.3-3. Mean diameter of Term
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 16 14
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Change in mean diametE (mm) 1 day 1
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[3-[3 Macrotermes bellicosus A-A M.
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3-3-4 DISCUSSION The growth curves
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Tbis species in not mound building
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3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 3*4 MMIMNATION O
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Between rIlls Interaction 4. o - 4-
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OD 154 4. o 4.3 4.6 4.9 5. " 5.5 4.
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Mean 15 I diameter 13 I 9 1 7 5 of
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 20 -t
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tolerant of low 01 values than thos
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3.5 GROWTH OF DIFFERWT TLP-MITOMYCE
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FIGURE 3-5-1- (a), (b)v (c), (d), (
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16- Me an 1 0 diameter of colony (m
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TABLE 3-5.12 Analysis of variance o
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TABLZ 3.5.3 The growth of Termitomy
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FIGURE 3.5.2. Regression of growth
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CHAPTEn FOUR TERHITOWCES IN CULTURE
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44 (A ig In tr ý (+ re- m 0 fD r (
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to F IR 0 0 t oe l l. aW 0 ýa 9)-
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AN 93
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IS 5' SI PLATE Termitomyces culture
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PLATE 4.1.2. TermitomIces cultures
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TA= 4,1,3 production of cultural my
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TABLE 4.1.5 Production of mycotUtes
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more favourable for their productio
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#W. FA 40 60 0 P. * n ic 3 32 f+ ti
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": I p I a *m. ". 4 S 0 (+ 11 3 -%A
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1649 FIGURZ 4*2*1* Lengtb, of Termi
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FIGURE 4.2*2. Width of Termitomyces
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4.2.3 -PISCUSSION Spores were not p
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4.3.1 MMUDS 4.3 BLASTMPME, GMMINATI
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a0 FiGuRE 4.3-1- (a)q (b), (c), Pro
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4.3.3 DISCUSSION The blastospores g
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5-1-1 INTPODUCTION 5.1 HMIMS In ord
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The Isolation of Termft2=ces, posiD
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developing on the plates. %- The nu
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TABLE 5*14 Number of fungal colonie
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5 days when the fungi were assigned
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circumferences of queen cell (Plate
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PLATZ- 5.2.1, Fungus comb removed f
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TABLE 5*3*1 The dimensionx of vario
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TA13LE 5,2.5 Density of Macrotermes
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J*- i 0--k M0 '0 0 b-0 101 1.0 V 42
Page 216 and 217: i TABLE 5*2.8 Analysis of variance
Page 218 and 219: 1 TABLE !;, 2*10 Similarities In fu
Page 220 and 221: After approximately I week In the n
Page 222 and 223: time In the foodstore-lUngua comb s
Page 224 and 225: TABLE 5., 2*12 Mean number of Terml
Page 226 and 227: Discussion In comparing Tables 5-2*
Page 228 and 229: TABLE 5.2olt& Presence of bolus In
Page 230 and 231: m 10 0 Md re m La 0 > r 1 eg o V3 (
Page 232 and 233: 5-3-1 IIMZODUCTICV AND MVIODS 5-3 M
Page 234 and 235: D 0*0 ft *** a siqnlficaný dIffere
Page 236 and 237: 5,3*3 DISCUSSION There In a signifi
Page 238 and 239: "'"30 plates of "ch medium were set
Page 240 and 241: TADLE 5.4.2 He= number of t=gal tol
Page 242 and 243: The levels of significant differenc
Page 244 and 245: 222o NUMB NURSE FORAGERS FORAGERS W
Page 246 and 247: On the selective medium dilution pl
Page 248 and 249: ýo 9 n er e 2: le 0-ý n 9 bm 2ý
Page 250 and 251: In the dloostive system of H, belli
Page 252 and 253: and Singh, Ungh and Singh (ITIO) ob
Page 254 and 255: Table 5-6-1 Fungi developing on Inc
Page 256 and 257: 4 cr ic %-C " loo R. V Put f+ 0 OV
Page 258 and 259: TABLE 596A Foodstore afterý one ye
Page 260 and 261: 1 FIGURE 5.6-3. Fungi developing on
Page 262 and 263: A . - X. '.. p ". 2 Xylaria . x. K
Page 264 and 265: N p ir
Page 268 and 269: I 1;;; I
Page 270 and 271: cmbs (Fig3. %6.2v 5.6.3, Plate SoG-
Page 272 and 273: 1913b)s but 11olm (1977) ronsiders
Page 274 and 275: also reported for Odontotermn-s oba
Page 276 and 277: 5.6.2 ORQNISHS ASSOCIATED WITH MIE
Page 278 and 279: There atre many other fungus specie
Page 280 and 281: and this may-help to keep down thei
Page 282 and 283: UNWOMM SOIL FRMILY Wordcm OLD WOMW
Page 284 and 285: extracts of these materials in 3 so
Page 286 and 287: to C ) I. d. '1 E - 4 tl R tj 9: 11
Page 288 and 289: Experiment (2). Uliole termifte ext
Page 290 and 291: nest the combs are surrounded by sa
Page 292 and 293: 0., '. 1 atmospheres (Swift, Heal a
Page 294 and 295: Washing procedures- The apparatus w
Page 296 and 297: Mean number of fungi 2710 lu zu ; j
Page 298 and 299: 5.8,1* DII. SCUSSION one of the ori
Page 300 and 301: CHAPTEn six MICnOBIAL EMLOGY OUTSID
Page 302 and 303: of, each -soil on each 0041um were.
Page 304 and 305: I I C6 of a1 ba. 0 0. od. CL 0A low
Page 306 and 307: Discussion , 2810 , The lowest numb
Page 308 and 309: TABLE 6*14 kkAn mmber of ftmgal pro
Page 310 and 311: TABLE 6.1-7 Fungi isolated from dif
Page 312 and 313: 6*2 E3TAUTSIMENT OF THS TMMITCWCES
Page 314 and 315: TABLE 6.2.2 Grworth of TerwitLanes
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I--,, V H 4ý g *9 m m t4 1-0 u -3
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In contrast-to-the African Odontate
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Attempts were made to germinate bax
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TAmz 6.2.6 The first flight and app
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H » P. ) 03 0iý 1 Nd. -0 9 9 :i 5
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eel H t&. 01 (b t' b. 0 b- > k ; 0m
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spe, ýles where the alaten carry s
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. The Inoculation of new combs by b
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e active on an adjacent combo This
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(b) constitutive% due to innate pro
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7.1.1 1O, D3 7ol MISTMIC CONT114TS
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TA131Z 7*1,3 Iblature content of Mc
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7*1-3 'DISCUSSION The mointure cont
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An well as supplying moisture the m
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TABLE 7-2-2 pli of fungus comb of o
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for collulanes from other sources.
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Qnly, a restricted, jrAnge of *rUan
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Campbell and Blaisdell 193'3)e Term
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TADLE 7-3-2 Reaction of Termit=. ex
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TABLE 7-3-1k Ile. Ictions of ruts o
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The reaction of tho Ii. bellicosus
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7-4-2 DYIng of cellophane strlpxo A
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ta 1* L(y% I tz 4 p OW 0 a 4, 4 m I
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PLATE Z. 4.1. Temitomyces culture f
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7-4-4 DISC=ICN , All the cultures o
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iiaves of crasses on"vhicih they ar
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7-5 'AVILIZATION OF STAM11, C311TIN
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FA WM0 ?A ol 10 rA 444F. C) cl to F
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00 0.9 P-d 2 1-" s10 a. FH ,H, ;, "
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z ib ýd- Z si !r M W. IVO ýi eD 9
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Presence of polyqalýtcturonase enz
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enzymes by Termitomyces Ix likely t
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fl. r6 11- u 1 9 tr 0 0 (+ ý8 li 1
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-n 0 CL CL Sý 0 (D -n CA CL Il (D
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m Q 9 CN ý cý 0a W -i u ýo 0 10
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(stark 1973)-,, This. show3 what a
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Other Mneral Elements Decomposer fu
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alAPTM LIGHT GENFJIAL DISCUSSIOU 36
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892- TMIXTOMYCES IN THE VILD A majo
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Termitan 8.3 MZYIM 9 DEMMMITION AND
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the ecosystem unless the nest in de
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fungus symbiosis Is not so efficien
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symbiosis. - The fungus doea not Ot
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is a pleasure to
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APPENDIX 1. CULTURE MEDIA BASIC NED
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CRITIN AM 1% chitin solution 1-, on
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APPENDIX 3 SPECIES OF TE1141TES it
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APPENDIX 4 SPECIES OF FUNGI Absidis
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Sept6basldiwi Pat. Sclerotinia Fuck
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01M WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (1) Th
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TWO-WAY ANALYSIS OF VXRIANCE (1) Th
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REGRESSION AND CORRELATION (1) Scat
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X2 AND X2 TEST OF HOMOGENEITY For X
Page 422 and 423:
BECKER G. (1976). Termites and fung
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COLLINS N. M* (1979). The nests of
Page 426 and 427:
FRENCH J*R*J. (1975). The role of t
Page 428 and 429:
HEIM R. (1977). Termites at Champig
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to KONIGS J. G, (1779). Naturgeschi
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MISRA J. N# and RANGANATHAN V. (195
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POTTS R. C. and HEWITT P. H. (1974)
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SINGH N. B. (1976). Studies on cert
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WARCUP J. H. (1959). Studies Qn Bas
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