ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSIS OF TER ITOMYCES ...

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ABSTRACT The relationship between termites of the sub-family Macro- termitinae and the symbiotic Basidiomycete fungus Termitomyces was investigated. Fieldwork was carried out on several termite species at Mokwa in the Southern Guinea savanna vegetation zone of Nigeria. Termitomyces in nature and in culture is described. A selective medium was developed to facilitate isolation of Tenaitanyces. Optimum conditions of temperature and p11 for Termitomyces cultures associated with different termite species were found to be 29°C and 5.2. The appearance, production of cultural mycotetes, blastospore size and germination of Termitomyces in culture was investigated. The cultures from different termite species could not be separated by these criteria. Methods were established for investigating the microbial ecology of Macrotermitinae nests, The fungal population and numbers and location of TemiteMces, was, detemined for Nacrotermes bellicosuss Macrotermes subhyalinusq Hicratemes species and for adjacent soilse Termitomyces was only found In the fungus combo Other fungi were present there only as sporest but when the comb was removed from the nest these grew rapidlys A substance was found in extracts of foodstore and termites preventing gemination of contaminant fungi. Termitomycea was present in the digestive tract of Microtermes foragers but only in very few Macrotermes bellicosus and Macroternnes subhyalinus foragers. 2.
The establishment of Tennisces in new nests occurred by carriage of spores in the slate guts in Macrotermes bellicosus and Microtermes and probably from basidiospores in tho non-carriers. Termitomyces cultures produced polyphenol oxidases and cellulases but Temitamyces was unable to utilize starcho chitin and pectic CM12 My 0 substancese The nitrogen content of fOOdi fUnWs cb and cot""tes was o. 289 Ma and 6.68% respectively* Termites consume the fungus comb and wycotAtes and therefore Teruit2=ces'degrades nitrogen-poor food and provides the termites with a relatively nitrogen-rich diet* 3"
Page 1: ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSI
Page 5 and 6: 3*1,5 The effect on spore geminatio
Page 7 and 8: 5-7 PRI-: VMTION OF SPORE CM1111NAT
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES Legends have been a
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES 1, egends have been
Page 13 and 14: 5.2.6 Fungi cultured by direct isol
Page 15 and 16: 6.21.6 The first flight and appeara
Page 17 and 18: LIST OP PLATES Leoends have been ab
Page 19 and 20: GENMAL INTRODUCTION Termites are In
Page 21 and 22: Popudacanthotermes Ethiopian 2 Spha
Page 23 and 24: (Bela perse comj, China (Cheo, 1948
Page 25 and 26: alAPrER ONP A HISTORY OF THE STUDY
Page 27 and 28: there van a connection between the
Page 29 and 30: etween A. duthipi and the basidioca
Page 31 and 32: Intentionally by the termites and r
Page 33 and 34: MAKER " WO GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
Page 35 and 36: plots remained as woodland, 2 were
Page 37 and 38: p5 4 Experimentý! _ý, Plots ß. %
Page 39 and 40: TAMZ 2olol ChemIc&I and particle si
Page 41 and 42: TABLE 2.2.1 Monthly rainfall figure
Page 43 and 44: ff, tn II c14 21 CII ID Ct 8 U b- 4
Page 45 and 46: -ff C: ) 0 CO 0 (0 6060,0', 6::.. 0
Page 47 and 48: The soldiers may also be dimorphic,
Page 49 and 50: PLATE 2.3.1. Macrotermes bellicosus
Page 51 and 52: 2.3-2 SPECIES OF TMtITES STUDIED An
Page 53 and 54:
season (Collins 1977)o It forages u
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PLATE 2.3.2 Ancistrotermes cavithor
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PIATE 2.3.4 Macrotermes bellicosus
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. OWIA fr/ o"m law pp ,. 1, ýP, --
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,.; ý; I.. 4, .. . 4, WL r7.. I It
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They forage an the surface in the w
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MIC. 1 toots CAL& Ail
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2.4.1 TMMXTOMYCES IN NATURE 2*4 TMM
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CHAPTEn WEE DETERMINATION OF ISOIAT
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depth was the same for all plates a
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0,05 ol-l (Eckert et al. 1961)- As
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(e) Cornmeal agar CUS04- 51lqO@ (g)
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and Penicilliun. Several Banidlomyc
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(e) Sorbic acid Sorble acid at 0.05
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TABLE 3*lo2 Antifungal substances p
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- uu b- nnmn 0000 %_. §.. A %. 0 W
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ý1- old ý 0 ýa 1. -0 . -% 0 I. A
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3-1.3-',, ', ConclusiOns (1) Substa
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Q2 bw- 0 ). d 5. 8 (+ 0 c (2 c: :1
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0 0o1: 1, .n R a I- ? in p pp 6- 0
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'"l r 8 (A fl- bo. '2 lot. a -4 1-
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(1) Substances appearino to be unsu
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slight controlling Offect on the _P
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CWI (3) - MI + Denlate (OoOl gl-Jý
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I II It UU f) n oo (D iD aa bd. to
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distilled water 19000 ml Kl'. ': IP
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3*2*3 ]RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The r
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3.3,1 3-3 DETEMINATION OF THE OPTIK
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TABLE, 3.3.3 Analysis of variance o
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SLn3 21 MOC 240C 290C 320C 350C 20K
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Mean diameter of colony (m m) 16-1
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FIGURE 3.3-3. Mean diameter of Term
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 16 14
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Change in mean diametE (mm) 1 day 1
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[3-[3 Macrotermes bellicosus A-A M.
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3-3-4 DISCUSSION The growth curves
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Tbis species in not mound building
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3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 3*4 MMIMNATION O
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Between rIlls Interaction 4. o - 4-
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OD 154 4. o 4.3 4.6 4.9 5. " 5.5 4.
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Mean 15 I diameter 13 I 9 1 7 5 of
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 20 -t
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tolerant of low 01 values than thos
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3.5 GROWTH OF DIFFERWT TLP-MITOMYCE
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FIGURE 3-5-1- (a), (b)v (c), (d), (
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16- Me an 1 0 diameter of colony (m
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TABLE 3-5.12 Analysis of variance o
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TABLZ 3.5.3 The growth of Termitomy
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FIGURE 3.5.2. Regression of growth
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CHAPTEn FOUR TERHITOWCES IN CULTURE
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44 (A ig In tr ý (+ re- m 0 fD r (
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to F IR 0 0 t oe l l. aW 0 ýa 9)-
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AN 93
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IS 5' SI PLATE Termitomyces culture
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PLATE 4.1.2. TermitomIces cultures
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TA= 4,1,3 production of cultural my
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TABLE 4.1.5 Production of mycotUtes
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more favourable for their productio
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#W. FA 40 60 0 P. * n ic 3 32 f+ ti
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": I p I a *m. ". 4 S 0 (+ 11 3 -%A
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1649 FIGURZ 4*2*1* Lengtb, of Termi
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FIGURE 4.2*2. Width of Termitomyces
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4.2.3 -PISCUSSION Spores were not p
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4.3.1 MMUDS 4.3 BLASTMPME, GMMINATI
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a0 FiGuRE 4.3-1- (a)q (b), (c), Pro
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4.3.3 DISCUSSION The blastospores g
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5-1-1 INTPODUCTION 5.1 HMIMS In ord
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The Isolation of Termft2=ces, posiD
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developing on the plates. %- The nu
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TABLE 5*14 Number of fungal colonie
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5 days when the fungi were assigned
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circumferences of queen cell (Plate
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PLATZ- 5.2.1, Fungus comb removed f
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TABLE 5*3*1 The dimensionx of vario
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TA13LE 5,2.5 Density of Macrotermes
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J*- i 0--k M0 '0 0 b-0 101 1.0 V 42
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i TABLE 5*2.8 Analysis of variance
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1 TABLE !;, 2*10 Similarities In fu
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After approximately I week In the n
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time In the foodstore-lUngua comb s
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TABLE 5., 2*12 Mean number of Terml
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Discussion In comparing Tables 5-2*
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TABLE 5.2olt& Presence of bolus In
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m 10 0 Md re m La 0 > r 1 eg o V3 (
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5-3-1 IIMZODUCTICV AND MVIODS 5-3 M
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D 0*0 ft *** a siqnlficaný dIffere
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5,3*3 DISCUSSION There In a signifi
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"'"30 plates of "ch medium were set
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TADLE 5.4.2 He= number of t=gal tol
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The levels of significant differenc
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222o NUMB NURSE FORAGERS FORAGERS W
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On the selective medium dilution pl
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ýo 9 n er e 2: le 0-ý n 9 bm 2ý
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In the dloostive system of H, belli
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and Singh, Ungh and Singh (ITIO) ob
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Table 5-6-1 Fungi developing on Inc
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4 cr ic %-C " loo R. V Put f+ 0 OV
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TABLE 596A Foodstore afterý one ye
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1 FIGURE 5.6-3. Fungi developing on
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A . - X. '.. p ". 2 Xylaria . x. K
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N p ir
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PLATE 5.6.5. Soil plastered over in
Page 269 and 270:
Discussion There was very little fu
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(1) xylaria nIqri]2ex Known ýrm Af
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Sordarin f1micala and Epicoccum nip
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The appcarance of the foodstore aft
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all species of termitest and Smay b
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loottbmley mul Fuller 1921, Trinerv
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from the wound and unworked soil fr
Page 283 and 284:
Discussion The. soil freshly worked
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P. b44 >d 4 * 9 6ý a to b-ä- bo.
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Comparing the results. of both sets
Page 289 and 290:
Discussion DLfferent ruggostions ha
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gastric juice so that It became a m
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5.8.1 INTRODMTION 5,11 VAIMING TECH
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1 --) D .1 7 8 270a FIGURE 5.8.1. W
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mean number of fungi 25 2C Washwate
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and TrIchoderma Are usually isolate
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6.1 MGZ IN SOILS, 6.1*1 FLTML POPUL
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u c NSD u T5 n TV **o m T!; NSD - 0
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TOM 6.1.4 Siodlarities In fungal sp
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was from a similar area althouoh wi
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0-5 ". 5-50 0-5 Pit A 5-25 2!; -50
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horizons of the soil (Swift 1976),
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plates to'datermine the generaj ran
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1 ri e c: 1 f3 &2 1 cr M 1 n tD n W
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Dizcufý. Asion The results show th
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6*2*2 ''EIASIDICCARP PRODUCTION IN
Page 321 and 322:
296. Termit2=ps microcarpupq from C
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Fit 4 "0 w 00 6o ý; &I mP rA C: 4
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a 9 9 9 In 10 . 0% 61 06 ic e f* 32
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Discussion (1) Association between
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in Table 6.2.7 miy be Indorrects If
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which-aro 2-4 cm in diameter and di
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temperature In tile rAiny season rw
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OLUYrL. n SEVEN WE MYSTOWGICAL MIS
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i w Owl' " p 0 li c vi %A t" S 9 ,
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TABLS 7-1*6 Hoisture contents of my
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cmd In maintained around 93-99% (Il
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7.2.1 ýMIODS, 7.2 I! H The rAi of
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7.2-3 ]DISCUSSION Tho fungus combs,
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7-3-1 INTRODUCTION 7.3 LIGNIN DDGRA
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(b) soft rot, fungi. Under very moi
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7-3-2- )ODIODS (1) Red cabbage extr
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TABLE 7-3-3 Reaction of TermitVycom
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The reactions did not vary In any c
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7.4.1 INTRODUCTION 7.4 CELLULOSE DW
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the solution was read at 595 no aga
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0 :1 1 m 1 JAN 5 k*O 10 ýe ý tv p
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- «ý 4e _e %, >ýý . *- A. 0ý I
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enz, yme production are affected by
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ut In general the ccab in too acidi
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All those substancea are therefore
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I RR I. fD a) 00 www 99 + W. m 4 ý
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9 2 3 a W. c 5 2 0 Z
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l I r. * t+ bd. n tt o id. 1 9 p th
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Temlt2rm7ces, appears to be unusual
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7-6 MINERAL CbNTr., NT'oF taimmmiT
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FIGURE 7.6.1. Amount of nitrogen in
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0 :s-w w2 ooý. "I 0 I q+ 0) 1A r,
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7-6*3 DISCUSSION Nitro2en in genera
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needed to degrade uric acid nitroge
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on comparing the nutrient content o
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811 =MITOMYCES IN CULTURE Termit=cp
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when they left the-nesto whereas in
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workers with a lower nitrogen requi
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8*4 SIMMIOSIS BETW M- X? 4SMTS AND
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Iý8.5 EVOLUTION OF ME SYMOSIS Tito
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a viable fungus combo Construction
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APPENDICES 376.
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POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR (PDA) water 11
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APPENDIX 2 MILTONS nUID Miltons ste
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0. obscuriceRs (Wasmann) 0. patruus
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Lactarius Pers. ex Gray Lentrn-us c
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APPENDIX 5. STATISTICAL METHODS MEA
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significance was tested at p- o, o5
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(4) (5) ý6) SOURCE OF VARTATION DE
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STUDENTS t-TEIST. COMPARISON OF. IM
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REFERENCES ABO-1alATWA N. (1977). N
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*BUTCHER (1966). Cited by Ka'a"rik
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DESAI A. J. and PANDEY S. N. (1971)
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CRAY T, R, G. and WILL1AMS S. T. (1
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JOHNSON L. F. and CURL E. A. (1972)
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MANDELS M. and 'REESE H. T. (1965).
Page 433 and 434:
OTIENO N. C. (1964). Contributions
Page 435 and 436:
RUELLE J. E. (1970). A reviniqn of
Page 437 and 438:
THORNTON R, H, (1960). Growth of fu
Page 439:
WOOD T. G. and OHIAGU C, E. (1976).
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