ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSIS OF TER ITOMYCES ...

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IS 5' SI PLATE Termitomyces cultures from Hicrotermen up. B* on 'F and selective. media, PLATE 4.1.64o F sp* Be Termitomyces cultures from Microtermes, sp. C on BF and selective media. - ; I . . 1, ' i'.. '- - . 5.5 : '--- . 150* I'1
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ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSI
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The establishment of Tennisces in n
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3*1,5 The effect on spore geminatio
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5-7 PRI-: VMTION OF SPORE CM1111NAT
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LIST OF FIGURES Legends have been a
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LIST OF TABLES 1, egends have been
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5.2.6 Fungi cultured by direct isol
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6.21.6 The first flight and appeara
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LIST OP PLATES Leoends have been ab
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GENMAL INTRODUCTION Termites are In
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Popudacanthotermes Ethiopian 2 Spha
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(Bela perse comj, China (Cheo, 1948
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alAPrER ONP A HISTORY OF THE STUDY
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there van a connection between the
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etween A. duthipi and the basidioca
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Intentionally by the termites and r
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MAKER " WO GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
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plots remained as woodland, 2 were
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p5 4 Experimentý! _ý, Plots ß. %
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TAMZ 2olol ChemIc&I and particle si
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TABLE 2.2.1 Monthly rainfall figure
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ff, tn II c14 21 CII ID Ct 8 U b- 4
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-ff C: ) 0 CO 0 (0 6060,0', 6::.. 0
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The soldiers may also be dimorphic,
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PLATE 2.3.1. Macrotermes bellicosus
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2.3-2 SPECIES OF TMtITES STUDIED An
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season (Collins 1977)o It forages u
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PLATE 2.3.2 Ancistrotermes cavithor
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PIATE 2.3.4 Macrotermes bellicosus
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. OWIA fr/ o"m law pp ,. 1, ýP, --
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,.; ý; I.. 4, .. . 4, WL r7.. I It
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They forage an the surface in the w
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MIC. 1 toots CAL& Ail
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2.4.1 TMMXTOMYCES IN NATURE 2*4 TMM
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CHAPTEn WEE DETERMINATION OF ISOIAT
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depth was the same for all plates a
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0,05 ol-l (Eckert et al. 1961)- As
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(e) Cornmeal agar CUS04- 51lqO@ (g)
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and Penicilliun. Several Banidlomyc
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(e) Sorbic acid Sorble acid at 0.05
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TABLE 3*lo2 Antifungal substances p
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- uu b- nnmn 0000 %_. §.. A %. 0 W
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ý1- old ý 0 ýa 1. -0 . -% 0 I. A
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3-1.3-',, ', ConclusiOns (1) Substa
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Q2 bw- 0 ). d 5. 8 (+ 0 c (2 c: :1
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0 0o1: 1, .n R a I- ? in p pp 6- 0
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'"l r 8 (A fl- bo. '2 lot. a -4 1-
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(1) Substances appearino to be unsu
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slight controlling Offect on the _P
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CWI (3) - MI + Denlate (OoOl gl-Jý
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I II It UU f) n oo (D iD aa bd. to
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distilled water 19000 ml Kl'. ': IP
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3*2*3 ]RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The r
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3.3,1 3-3 DETEMINATION OF THE OPTIK
Page 111 and 112: TABLE, 3.3.3 Analysis of variance o
Page 113 and 114: SLn3 21 MOC 240C 290C 320C 350C 20K
Page 115 and 116: Mean diameter of colony (m m) 16-1
Page 117 and 118: FIGURE 3.3-3. Mean diameter of Term
Page 119 and 120: Mean diameter of colony (M m) 16 14
Page 121 and 122: Change in mean diametE (mm) 1 day 1
Page 123 and 124: [3-[3 Macrotermes bellicosus A-A M.
Page 125 and 126: 3-3-4 DISCUSSION The growth curves
Page 127 and 128: Tbis species in not mound building
Page 129 and 130: 3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 3*4 MMIMNATION O
Page 131 and 132: Between rIlls Interaction 4. o - 4-
Page 133 and 134: OD 154 4. o 4.3 4.6 4.9 5. " 5.5 4.
Page 135 and 136: Mean 15 I diameter 13 I 9 1 7 5 of
Page 137 and 138: Mean diameter of colony (M m) 20 -t
Page 139 and 140: tolerant of low 01 values than thos
Page 141 and 142: 3.5 GROWTH OF DIFFERWT TLP-MITOMYCE
Page 143 and 144: FIGURE 3-5-1- (a), (b)v (c), (d), (
Page 145 and 146: 16- Me an 1 0 diameter of colony (m
Page 147 and 148: TABLE 3-5.12 Analysis of variance o
Page 149 and 150: TABLZ 3.5.3 The growth of Termitomy
Page 151 and 152: FIGURE 3.5.2. Regression of growth
Page 153 and 154: CHAPTEn FOUR TERHITOWCES IN CULTURE
Page 155 and 156: 44 (A ig In tr ý (+ re- m 0 fD r (
Page 157 and 158: to F IR 0 0 t oe l l. aW 0 ýa 9)-
Page 159: AN 93
Page 166: PLATE 4.1.7. ,, Termitomlces cultur
Page 171: PLATE 4.1.11. Termitomyces cultures
Page 174 and 175: TABLE 4.1,21 Production of cultural
Page 176 and 177: The appearances of these cultures a
Page 178 and 179: 4o2el MHODS 4.2 sPonEs FM,, M CULTM
Page 180 and 181: I rr . 90 m 1-3 0m V+ e+ P 1 1 ft M
Page 182 and 183: 51 9 112 öl AN- Z- 0 RE ? m bi I 0
Page 184 and 185: N) PO cil Ul 0 Cn K 0 Cf) -Ti 9 CD
Page 186 and 187: . '. '; Th E -> a) E E D . a) Li a)
Page 188 and 189: smeathm. -int (Table 4-2.2, Figure
Page 190 and 191: TABIZ, 4.3.2 Events during course o
Page 192 and 193: c 48 hours 00, 171.
Page 194 and 195: . ------- - - -- ---a, e ; --. -- -
Page 196 and 197: not distort-the numbers as much as
Page 198 and 199: IsOlated frica all the matbrial pla
Page 200 and 201: TABLE 5.1*1 Nwbers of fxmgal coloni
Page 202 and 203: 5.1.4 CONCLUSIONS1 MTHODS To BE USM
Page 204 and 205: 5.2 MCROTSIMS BELLICOSM3 5,2*1 HACR
Page 206 and 207: It can be seen (Table 5-2e2) that t
Page 209 and 210: The I numbors ranged from 4-18 per
Page 211 and 212: TABLE 5.2*3 The lengths of the diff
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Table 5.2.5 continued There Is no s
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: I- flo, IK 7 sp, 4< CD Pd. e-9- C
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MI'LICATF, D11=101i SERIES A 9 c si
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Discussion Two different methods of
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Discussion The bolus-carried by the
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a0 0 0 o 01" " -OW E: 0-4 et Ch \.
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TAMIS So'-'*13 Analysis of variance
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the direct isolation and dilution p
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The results, shown In Tables 5.. *2
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not mixed with Termit2Mcex and this
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TADIZ 5*3,, 1 Hean twaber of fungal
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TABLE 5'3-5'"Growth of Termit2m ces
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5o4*1 INMODUCTION AND ICnIMS s. 4 m
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MICROTIMMS, WHOLE FUNGUSý OOMB SPE
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Ilic 41 MIC 43 Hic 41 HIC 43 MIC 44
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TABIj3 5.4-7 Growth of T_ermIt2=cca
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Indicating that not every part of t
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and nurse workers* These factors on
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TADLS 5,5.2 Fungi cultured from the
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soldiers iao major and 61nor worker
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R=rIments I and 2s Combsýfrcc 3 di
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In Im Co. 0 C6 00. 0 . 3 ti 0 :r 0
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I " 1.0 M 0- O-d ý. n ca 0) 1 0 *0
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FIGURE 5.6.1. Conidia bearing strom
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A B .. x-0- 9 Xylaria *)Z* ., . 40
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PLATE 5ýý6.2. Incubated Macroterm
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PLATE Incubated Macrotermen bellico
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I 1;;; I
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cmbs (Fig3. %6.2v 5.6.3, Plate SoG-
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1913b)s but 11olm (1977) ronsiders
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also reported for Odontotermn-s oba
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5.6.2 ORQNISHS ASSOCIATED WITH MIE
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There atre many other fungus specie
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and this may-help to keep down thei
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UNWOMM SOIL FRMILY Wordcm OLD WOMW
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extracts of these materials in 3 so
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to C ) I. d. '1 E - 4 tl R tj 9: 11
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Experiment (2). Uliole termifte ext
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nest the combs are surrounded by sa
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0., '. 1 atmospheres (Swift, Heal a
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Washing procedures- The apparatus w
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Mean number of fungi 2710 lu zu ; j
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5.8,1* DII. SCUSSION one of the ori
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CHAPTEn six MICnOBIAL EMLOGY OUTSID
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of, each -soil on each 0041um were.
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I I C6 of a1 ba. 0 0. od. CL 0A low
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Discussion , 2810 , The lowest numb
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TABLE 6*14 kkAn mmber of ftmgal pro
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TABLE 6.1-7 Fungi isolated from dif
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6*2 E3TAUTSIMENT OF THS TMMITCWCES
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TABLE 6.2.2 Grworth of TerwitLanes
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I--,, V H 4ý g *9 m m t4 1-0 u -3
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In contrast-to-the African Odontate
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Attempts were made to germinate bax
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TAmz 6.2.6 The first flight and app
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H » P. ) 03 0iý 1 Nd. -0 9 9 :i 5
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eel H t&. 01 (b t' b. 0 b- > k ; 0m
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spe, ýles where the alaten carry s
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. The Inoculation of new combs by b
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e active on an adjacent combo This
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(b) constitutive% due to innate pro
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7.1.1 1O, D3 7ol MISTMIC CONT114TS
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TA131Z 7*1,3 Iblature content of Mc
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7*1-3 'DISCUSSION The mointure cont
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An well as supplying moisture the m
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TABLE 7-2-2 pli of fungus comb of o
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for collulanes from other sources.
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Qnly, a restricted, jrAnge of *rUan
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Campbell and Blaisdell 193'3)e Term
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TADLE 7-3-2 Reaction of Termit=. ex
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TABLE 7-3-1k Ile. Ictions of ruts o
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The reaction of tho Ii. bellicosus
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7-4-2 DYIng of cellophane strlpxo A
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ta 1* L(y% I tz 4 p OW 0 a 4, 4 m I
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PLATE Z. 4.1. Temitomyces culture f
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7-4-4 DISC=ICN , All the cultures o
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iiaves of crasses on"vhicih they ar
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7-5 'AVILIZATION OF STAM11, C311TIN
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FA WM0 ?A ol 10 rA 444F. C) cl to F
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00 0.9 P-d 2 1-" s10 a. FH ,H, ;, "
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z ib ýd- Z si !r M W. IVO ýi eD 9
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Presence of polyqalýtcturonase enz
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enzymes by Termitomyces Ix likely t
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fl. r6 11- u 1 9 tr 0 0 (+ ý8 li 1
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-n 0 CL CL Sý 0 (D -n CA CL Il (D
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m Q 9 CN ý cý 0a W -i u ýo 0 10
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(stark 1973)-,, This. show3 what a
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Other Mneral Elements Decomposer fu
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alAPTM LIGHT GENFJIAL DISCUSSIOU 36
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892- TMIXTOMYCES IN THE VILD A majo
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Termitan 8.3 MZYIM 9 DEMMMITION AND
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the ecosystem unless the nest in de
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fungus symbiosis Is not so efficien
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symbiosis. - The fungus doea not Ot
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is a pleasure to
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APPENDIX 1. CULTURE MEDIA BASIC NED
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CRITIN AM 1% chitin solution 1-, on
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APPENDIX 3 SPECIES OF TE1141TES it
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APPENDIX 4 SPECIES OF FUNGI Absidis
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Sept6basldiwi Pat. Sclerotinia Fuck
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01M WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (1) Th
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TWO-WAY ANALYSIS OF VXRIANCE (1) Th
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REGRESSION AND CORRELATION (1) Scat
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X2 AND X2 TEST OF HOMOGENEITY For X
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BECKER G. (1976). Termites and fung
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COLLINS N. M* (1979). The nests of
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FRENCH J*R*J. (1975). The role of t
Page 428 and 429:
HEIM R. (1977). Termites at Champig
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to KONIGS J. G, (1779). Naturgeschi
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MISRA J. N# and RANGANATHAN V. (195
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POTTS R. C. and HEWITT P. H. (1974)
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SINGH N. B. (1976). Studies on cert
Page 438 and 439:
WARCUP J. H. (1959). Studies Qn Bas
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