ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSIS OF TER ITOMYCES ...

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There atre many other fungus species found grclmlng on the casing of nVatV, of M=y different species of termites,, which may or may not include members of the Macrotermitinae. (b) on the earthen supports of the nest, (after Ileim 1977)- HymenomYCetes iUenUgý Louccmoprinus sp. OICIM 1952a) L. - madecassensla Genua, Le2iota oppe Agaricales (Ifelm 1977 Mladagascar) grasnei Oleim 1952a, 1977 West Africa) . L* ivorlensis (fleim 19779 Ivory Coast) L. termitopýila (Ileim 1977, Central Africa) 4, mip linrnsmius ri. palicitinensis Oleim 1952a, 1977,111crocc-zotermes Ivory Coast, Conao) Genua gMhalia Gema Psalliata P. cam2estris (Heim 1952a) P. termitum Olelm 1977) (lielm 1977v Ila"uaacar) Genus Doletua a Xerocomus noletochaete Ale- luteocyatim (Ilelm 1952ai 1977 Madagascar) Genus BOVISta L. tormitm Genus'G; =ýhraMduii G. delilel Gasteromycetei3 (1 1. leim 1 197 1 I 7, Ce ntral tycoperdales ifrica) Hymenogastrales OICIM 1952as 1977 Mdagascar) Genus PodAxon I P. carclimmlim (Berkeleys Australia, cited by Petch 1913bi 253.
loottbmley mul Fuller 1921, Trinervitemps sp., South Africa% Heim 1952al 1977 fladagascarl Helm 194D Trlnp. rvitcýrtrzes trinervius). P. pistillaris (Bottomley and Fuller 1921, Trinervitermes spef, South Africa; Heim 1940 9 Trink-rvitermes trinervius; Alazoadura 1906 i Nigeria)* Podaxon species are also found associated with Trinervitermes geminatus Coarctotermes, and Tumulitermen in Africa% India, # Ceylon, Australia, Mdagascar and Malaysia (Sands 1969)e (c) other species are found accidentally growino In woody debris included in the earth of nests* Basidiomycotina flymenomyceten Aphyllophorales Genus Ganoderma (Heim 1952a, Cameroons) G. curtinii Oleim 19771 Madagascar) Of course many other Imer fungi will be Included in the material makinf) UP-the nest Structurot foodatore 6xA f%mgus comb (Tables 5.2*99 5*3-. 3). These may develop when the nest is abandoned as has been previously discussed (cog* Ax22MIllus, t Penicillitan and TrichodermaLk 2540 Bacteria are also found In ummda of the tiacrotemitinaeo HeLkaljohn (1965), Investigating Vacrotermen, mounds In Rhodesia fo und cbllulose decomposers to be very much tmore abundant than In tho s6119 with' denitrifying bdcteila (Pneudomon., ts., Denitrobacillus) -ýnd'a=Oniflerjs also Very abUndants Thiv greater'nbundanco may be due to the use of saliva as a cementing m4uUurs thus 'contributing organic matter. Boyer (1956) found 20-50% more cellulolytic aerobic flora In the mounds of Macrotermen belliconus than In the soile The bacteria are present both as inactive spores and actively feeding on the large qUantLtjes of organic matter found in the nests* Some bacterial cells are probably digested when wound material in re-Ingested during reconstruction
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ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSI
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The establishment of Tennisces in n
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3*1,5 The effect on spore geminatio
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5-7 PRI-: VMTION OF SPORE CM1111NAT
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LIST OF FIGURES Legends have been a
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LIST OF TABLES 1, egends have been
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5.2.6 Fungi cultured by direct isol
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6.21.6 The first flight and appeara
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LIST OP PLATES Leoends have been ab
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GENMAL INTRODUCTION Termites are In
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Popudacanthotermes Ethiopian 2 Spha
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(Bela perse comj, China (Cheo, 1948
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alAPrER ONP A HISTORY OF THE STUDY
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there van a connection between the
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etween A. duthipi and the basidioca
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Intentionally by the termites and r
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MAKER " WO GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
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plots remained as woodland, 2 were
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p5 4 Experimentý! _ý, Plots ß. %
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TAMZ 2olol ChemIc&I and particle si
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TABLE 2.2.1 Monthly rainfall figure
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ff, tn II c14 21 CII ID Ct 8 U b- 4
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-ff C: ) 0 CO 0 (0 6060,0', 6::.. 0
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The soldiers may also be dimorphic,
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PLATE 2.3.1. Macrotermes bellicosus
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2.3-2 SPECIES OF TMtITES STUDIED An
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season (Collins 1977)o It forages u
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PLATE 2.3.2 Ancistrotermes cavithor
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PIATE 2.3.4 Macrotermes bellicosus
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. OWIA fr/ o"m law pp ,. 1, ýP, --
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,.; ý; I.. 4, .. . 4, WL r7.. I It
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They forage an the surface in the w
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MIC. 1 toots CAL& Ail
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2.4.1 TMMXTOMYCES IN NATURE 2*4 TMM
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CHAPTEn WEE DETERMINATION OF ISOIAT
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depth was the same for all plates a
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0,05 ol-l (Eckert et al. 1961)- As
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(e) Cornmeal agar CUS04- 51lqO@ (g)
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and Penicilliun. Several Banidlomyc
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(e) Sorbic acid Sorble acid at 0.05
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TABLE 3*lo2 Antifungal substances p
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- uu b- nnmn 0000 %_. §.. A %. 0 W
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ý1- old ý 0 ýa 1. -0 . -% 0 I. A
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3-1.3-',, ', ConclusiOns (1) Substa
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Q2 bw- 0 ). d 5. 8 (+ 0 c (2 c: :1
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0 0o1: 1, .n R a I- ? in p pp 6- 0
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'"l r 8 (A fl- bo. '2 lot. a -4 1-
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(1) Substances appearino to be unsu
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slight controlling Offect on the _P
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CWI (3) - MI + Denlate (OoOl gl-Jý
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I II It UU f) n oo (D iD aa bd. to
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distilled water 19000 ml Kl'. ': IP
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3*2*3 ]RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The r
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3.3,1 3-3 DETEMINATION OF THE OPTIK
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TABLE, 3.3.3 Analysis of variance o
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SLn3 21 MOC 240C 290C 320C 350C 20K
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Mean diameter of colony (m m) 16-1
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FIGURE 3.3-3. Mean diameter of Term
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 16 14
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Change in mean diametE (mm) 1 day 1
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[3-[3 Macrotermes bellicosus A-A M.
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3-3-4 DISCUSSION The growth curves
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Tbis species in not mound building
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3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 3*4 MMIMNATION O
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Between rIlls Interaction 4. o - 4-
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OD 154 4. o 4.3 4.6 4.9 5. " 5.5 4.
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Mean 15 I diameter 13 I 9 1 7 5 of
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 20 -t
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tolerant of low 01 values than thos
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3.5 GROWTH OF DIFFERWT TLP-MITOMYCE
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FIGURE 3-5-1- (a), (b)v (c), (d), (
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16- Me an 1 0 diameter of colony (m
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TABLE 3-5.12 Analysis of variance o
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TABLZ 3.5.3 The growth of Termitomy
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FIGURE 3.5.2. Regression of growth
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CHAPTEn FOUR TERHITOWCES IN CULTURE
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44 (A ig In tr ý (+ re- m 0 fD r (
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to F IR 0 0 t oe l l. aW 0 ýa 9)-
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AN 93
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IS 5' SI PLATE Termitomyces culture
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PLATE 4.1.2. TermitomIces cultures
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TA= 4,1,3 production of cultural my
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TABLE 4.1.5 Production of mycotUtes
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more favourable for their productio
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#W. FA 40 60 0 P. * n ic 3 32 f+ ti
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": I p I a *m. ". 4 S 0 (+ 11 3 -%A
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1649 FIGURZ 4*2*1* Lengtb, of Termi
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FIGURE 4.2*2. Width of Termitomyces
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4.2.3 -PISCUSSION Spores were not p
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4.3.1 MMUDS 4.3 BLASTMPME, GMMINATI
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a0 FiGuRE 4.3-1- (a)q (b), (c), Pro
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4.3.3 DISCUSSION The blastospores g
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5-1-1 INTPODUCTION 5.1 HMIMS In ord
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The Isolation of Termft2=ces, posiD
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developing on the plates. %- The nu
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TABLE 5*14 Number of fungal colonie
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5 days when the fungi were assigned
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circumferences of queen cell (Plate
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PLATZ- 5.2.1, Fungus comb removed f
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TABLE 5*3*1 The dimensionx of vario
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TA13LE 5,2.5 Density of Macrotermes
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J*- i 0--k M0 '0 0 b-0 101 1.0 V 42
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i TABLE 5*2.8 Analysis of variance
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1 TABLE !;, 2*10 Similarities In fu
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After approximately I week In the n
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time In the foodstore-lUngua comb s
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TABLE 5., 2*12 Mean number of Terml
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Discussion In comparing Tables 5-2*
Page 228 and 229: TABLE 5.2olt& Presence of bolus In
Page 230 and 231: m 10 0 Md re m La 0 > r 1 eg o V3 (
Page 232 and 233: 5-3-1 IIMZODUCTICV AND MVIODS 5-3 M
Page 234 and 235: D 0*0 ft *** a siqnlficaný dIffere
Page 236 and 237: 5,3*3 DISCUSSION There In a signifi
Page 238 and 239: "'"30 plates of "ch medium were set
Page 240 and 241: TADLE 5.4.2 He= number of t=gal tol
Page 242 and 243: The levels of significant differenc
Page 244 and 245: 222o NUMB NURSE FORAGERS FORAGERS W
Page 246 and 247: On the selective medium dilution pl
Page 248 and 249: ýo 9 n er e 2: le 0-ý n 9 bm 2ý
Page 250 and 251: In the dloostive system of H, belli
Page 252 and 253: and Singh, Ungh and Singh (ITIO) ob
Page 254 and 255: Table 5-6-1 Fungi developing on Inc
Page 256 and 257: 4 cr ic %-C " loo R. V Put f+ 0 OV
Page 258 and 259: TABLE 596A Foodstore afterý one ye
Page 260 and 261: 1 FIGURE 5.6-3. Fungi developing on
Page 262 and 263: A . - X. '.. p ". 2 Xylaria . x. K
Page 264 and 265: N p ir
Page 267 and 268: PLATE 5.6.5. Soil plastered over in
Page 269 and 270: Discussion There was very little fu
Page 271 and 272: (1) xylaria nIqri]2ex Known ýrm Af
Page 273 and 274: Sordarin f1micala and Epicoccum nip
Page 275 and 276: The appcarance of the foodstore aft
Page 277: all species of termitest and Smay b
Page 281 and 282: from the wound and unworked soil fr
Page 283 and 284: Discussion The. soil freshly worked
Page 285 and 286: P. b44 >d 4 * 9 6ý a to b-ä- bo.
Page 287 and 288: Comparing the results. of both sets
Page 289 and 290: Discussion DLfferent ruggostions ha
Page 291 and 292: gastric juice so that It became a m
Page 293 and 294: 5.8.1 INTRODMTION 5,11 VAIMING TECH
Page 295 and 296: 1 --) D .1 7 8 270a FIGURE 5.8.1. W
Page 297 and 298: mean number of fungi 25 2C Washwate
Page 299 and 300: and TrIchoderma Are usually isolate
Page 301 and 302: 6.1 MGZ IN SOILS, 6.1*1 FLTML POPUL
Page 303 and 304: u c NSD u T5 n TV **o m T!; NSD - 0
Page 305 and 306: TOM 6.1.4 Siodlarities In fungal sp
Page 307 and 308: was from a similar area althouoh wi
Page 309 and 310: 0-5 ". 5-50 0-5 Pit A 5-25 2!; -50
Page 311 and 312: horizons of the soil (Swift 1976),
Page 313 and 314: plates to'datermine the generaj ran
Page 315 and 316: 1 ri e c: 1 f3 &2 1 cr M 1 n tD n W
Page 317 and 318: Dizcufý. Asion The results show th
Page 319 and 320: 6*2*2 ''EIASIDICCARP PRODUCTION IN
Page 321 and 322: 296. Termit2=ps microcarpupq from C
Page 323 and 324: Fit 4 "0 w 00 6o ý; &I mP rA C: 4
Page 325 and 326: a 9 9 9 In 10 . 0% 61 06 ic e f* 32
Page 327 and 328: Discussion (1) Association between
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in Table 6.2.7 miy be Indorrects If
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which-aro 2-4 cm in diameter and di
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temperature In tile rAiny season rw
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OLUYrL. n SEVEN WE MYSTOWGICAL MIS
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i w Owl' " p 0 li c vi %A t" S 9 ,
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TABLS 7-1*6 Hoisture contents of my
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cmd In maintained around 93-99% (Il
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7.2.1 ýMIODS, 7.2 I! H The rAi of
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7.2-3 ]DISCUSSION Tho fungus combs,
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7-3-1 INTRODUCTION 7.3 LIGNIN DDGRA
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(b) soft rot, fungi. Under very moi
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7-3-2- )ODIODS (1) Red cabbage extr
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TABLE 7-3-3 Reaction of TermitVycom
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The reactions did not vary In any c
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7.4.1 INTRODUCTION 7.4 CELLULOSE DW
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the solution was read at 595 no aga
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0 :1 1 m 1 JAN 5 k*O 10 ýe ý tv p
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- «ý 4e _e %, >ýý . *- A. 0ý I
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enz, yme production are affected by
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ut In general the ccab in too acidi
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All those substancea are therefore
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I RR I. fD a) 00 www 99 + W. m 4 ý
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9 2 3 a W. c 5 2 0 Z
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l I r. * t+ bd. n tt o id. 1 9 p th
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Temlt2rm7ces, appears to be unusual
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7-6 MINERAL CbNTr., NT'oF taimmmiT
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FIGURE 7.6.1. Amount of nitrogen in
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0 :s-w w2 ooý. "I 0 I q+ 0) 1A r,
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7-6*3 DISCUSSION Nitro2en in genera
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needed to degrade uric acid nitroge
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on comparing the nutrient content o
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811 =MITOMYCES IN CULTURE Termit=cp
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when they left the-nesto whereas in
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workers with a lower nitrogen requi
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8*4 SIMMIOSIS BETW M- X? 4SMTS AND
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Iý8.5 EVOLUTION OF ME SYMOSIS Tito
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a viable fungus combo Construction
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APPENDICES 376.
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POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR (PDA) water 11
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APPENDIX 2 MILTONS nUID Miltons ste
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0. obscuriceRs (Wasmann) 0. patruus
Page 411 and 412:
Lactarius Pers. ex Gray Lentrn-us c
Page 413 and 414:
APPENDIX 5. STATISTICAL METHODS MEA
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significance was tested at p- o, o5
Page 417 and 418:
(4) (5) ý6) SOURCE OF VARTATION DE
Page 419 and 420:
STUDENTS t-TEIST. COMPARISON OF. IM
Page 421 and 422:
REFERENCES ABO-1alATWA N. (1977). N
Page 423 and 424:
*BUTCHER (1966). Cited by Ka'a"rik
Page 425 and 426:
DESAI A. J. and PANDEY S. N. (1971)
Page 427 and 428:
CRAY T, R, G. and WILL1AMS S. T. (1
Page 429 and 430:
JOHNSON L. F. and CURL E. A. (1972)
Page 431 and 432:
MANDELS M. and 'REESE H. T. (1965).
Page 433 and 434:
OTIENO N. C. (1964). Contributions
Page 435 and 436:
RUELLE J. E. (1970). A reviniqn of
Page 437 and 438:
THORNTON R, H, (1960). Growth of fu
Page 439:
WOOD T. G. and OHIAGU C, E. (1976).
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