ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSIS OF TER ITOMYCES ...

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The I numbors ranged from 4-18 per 0.25 cm2. The. mycotates appeared to occur In clumps rather than evenly spread over the comb surface. The variance'(13.19') is larger than the mean (8.90) Indicating that the distribution Is contagious and the population clumped or aggregated (Southwood 1966). (Appendix 5)e The mean dry weight of the mycotetes was 13.17 x l(r59 ! 0.85 (Table 5.244). The densities of the different'zones of the fungus comb and food- store are shown In Table 5.2*5. There is an increase In density in tho material when it passes from the foodatore to the fungus comb., There was no significant difference In the densities obtained for the different mounds,, but there was a significant increase in density from the foodntore to all the zones of the fungus combo There was no difference In the density of the different r. ones of the comb, 187-
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ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSI
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The establishment of Tennisces in n
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3*1,5 The effect on spore geminatio
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5-7 PRI-: VMTION OF SPORE CM1111NAT
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LIST OF FIGURES Legends have been a
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LIST OF TABLES 1, egends have been
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5.2.6 Fungi cultured by direct isol
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6.21.6 The first flight and appeara
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LIST OP PLATES Leoends have been ab
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GENMAL INTRODUCTION Termites are In
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Popudacanthotermes Ethiopian 2 Spha
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(Bela perse comj, China (Cheo, 1948
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alAPrER ONP A HISTORY OF THE STUDY
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there van a connection between the
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etween A. duthipi and the basidioca
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Intentionally by the termites and r
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MAKER " WO GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
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plots remained as woodland, 2 were
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p5 4 Experimentý! _ý, Plots ß. %
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TAMZ 2olol ChemIc&I and particle si
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TABLE 2.2.1 Monthly rainfall figure
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ff, tn II c14 21 CII ID Ct 8 U b- 4
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-ff C: ) 0 CO 0 (0 6060,0', 6::.. 0
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The soldiers may also be dimorphic,
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PLATE 2.3.1. Macrotermes bellicosus
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2.3-2 SPECIES OF TMtITES STUDIED An
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season (Collins 1977)o It forages u
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PLATE 2.3.2 Ancistrotermes cavithor
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PIATE 2.3.4 Macrotermes bellicosus
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. OWIA fr/ o"m law pp ,. 1, ýP, --
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,.; ý; I.. 4, .. . 4, WL r7.. I It
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They forage an the surface in the w
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MIC. 1 toots CAL& Ail
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2.4.1 TMMXTOMYCES IN NATURE 2*4 TMM
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CHAPTEn WEE DETERMINATION OF ISOIAT
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depth was the same for all plates a
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0,05 ol-l (Eckert et al. 1961)- As
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(e) Cornmeal agar CUS04- 51lqO@ (g)
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and Penicilliun. Several Banidlomyc
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(e) Sorbic acid Sorble acid at 0.05
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TABLE 3*lo2 Antifungal substances p
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- uu b- nnmn 0000 %_. §.. A %. 0 W
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ý1- old ý 0 ýa 1. -0 . -% 0 I. A
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3-1.3-',, ', ConclusiOns (1) Substa
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Q2 bw- 0 ). d 5. 8 (+ 0 c (2 c: :1
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0 0o1: 1, .n R a I- ? in p pp 6- 0
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'"l r 8 (A fl- bo. '2 lot. a -4 1-
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(1) Substances appearino to be unsu
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slight controlling Offect on the _P
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CWI (3) - MI + Denlate (OoOl gl-Jý
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I II It UU f) n oo (D iD aa bd. to
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distilled water 19000 ml Kl'. ': IP
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3*2*3 ]RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The r
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3.3,1 3-3 DETEMINATION OF THE OPTIK
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TABLE, 3.3.3 Analysis of variance o
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SLn3 21 MOC 240C 290C 320C 350C 20K
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Mean diameter of colony (m m) 16-1
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FIGURE 3.3-3. Mean diameter of Term
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 16 14
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Change in mean diametE (mm) 1 day 1
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[3-[3 Macrotermes bellicosus A-A M.
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3-3-4 DISCUSSION The growth curves
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Tbis species in not mound building
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3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 3*4 MMIMNATION O
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Between rIlls Interaction 4. o - 4-
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OD 154 4. o 4.3 4.6 4.9 5. " 5.5 4.
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Mean 15 I diameter 13 I 9 1 7 5 of
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Mean diameter of colony (M m) 20 -t
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tolerant of low 01 values than thos
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3.5 GROWTH OF DIFFERWT TLP-MITOMYCE
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FIGURE 3-5-1- (a), (b)v (c), (d), (
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16- Me an 1 0 diameter of colony (m
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TABLE 3-5.12 Analysis of variance o
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TABLZ 3.5.3 The growth of Termitomy
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FIGURE 3.5.2. Regression of growth
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CHAPTEn FOUR TERHITOWCES IN CULTURE
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44 (A ig In tr ý (+ re- m 0 fD r (
Page 157 and 158: to F IR 0 0 t oe l l. aW 0 ýa 9)-
Page 159: AN 93
Page 164: IS 5' SI PLATE Termitomyces culture
Page 168: PLATE 4.1.2. TermitomIces cultures
Page 173 and 174: TA= 4,1,3 production of cultural my
Page 175 and 176: TABLE 4.1.5 Production of mycotUtes
Page 177 and 178: more favourable for their productio
Page 179 and 180: #W. FA 40 60 0 P. * n ic 3 32 f+ ti
Page 181 and 182: ": I p I a *m. ". 4 S 0 (+ 11 3 -%A
Page 183 and 184: 1649 FIGURZ 4*2*1* Lengtb, of Termi
Page 185 and 186: FIGURE 4.2*2. Width of Termitomyces
Page 187 and 188: 4.2.3 -PISCUSSION Spores were not p
Page 189 and 190: 4.3.1 MMUDS 4.3 BLASTMPME, GMMINATI
Page 191 and 192: a0 FiGuRE 4.3-1- (a)q (b), (c), Pro
Page 193 and 194: 4.3.3 DISCUSSION The blastospores g
Page 195 and 196: 5-1-1 INTPODUCTION 5.1 HMIMS In ord
Page 197 and 198: The Isolation of Termft2=ces, posiD
Page 199 and 200: developing on the plates. %- The nu
Page 201 and 202: TABLE 5*14 Number of fungal colonie
Page 203 and 204: 5 days when the fungi were assigned
Page 205 and 206: circumferences of queen cell (Plate
Page 207: PLATZ- 5.2.1, Fungus comb removed f
Page 211 and 212: TABLE 5.2*3 The lengths of the diff
Page 213 and 214: Table 5.2.5 continued There Is no s
Page 215 and 216: : I- flo, IK 7 sp, 4< CD Pd. e-9- C
Page 217 and 218: MI'LICATF, D11=101i SERIES A 9 c si
Page 219 and 220: Discussion Two different methods of
Page 221 and 222: Discussion The bolus-carried by the
Page 223 and 224: a0 0 0 o 01" " -OW E: 0-4 et Ch \.
Page 225 and 226: TAMIS So'-'*13 Analysis of variance
Page 227 and 228: the direct isolation and dilution p
Page 229 and 230: The results, shown In Tables 5.. *2
Page 231 and 232: not mixed with Termit2Mcex and this
Page 233 and 234: TADIZ 5*3,, 1 Hean twaber of fungal
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 5'3-5'"Growth of Termit2m ces
Page 237 and 238: 5o4*1 INMODUCTION AND ICnIMS s. 4 m
Page 239 and 240: MICROTIMMS, WHOLE FUNGUSý OOMB SPE
Page 241 and 242: Ilic 41 MIC 43 Hic 41 HIC 43 MIC 44
Page 243 and 244: TABIj3 5.4-7 Growth of T_ermIt2=cca
Page 245 and 246: Indicating that not every part of t
Page 247 and 248: and nurse workers* These factors on
Page 249 and 250: TADLS 5,5.2 Fungi cultured from the
Page 251 and 252: soldiers iao major and 61nor worker
Page 253 and 254: R=rIments I and 2s Combsýfrcc 3 di
Page 255 and 256: In Im Co. 0 C6 00. 0 . 3 ti 0 :r 0
Page 257 and 258: I " 1.0 M 0- O-d ý. n ca 0) 1 0 *0
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FIGURE 5.6.1. Conidia bearing strom
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A B .. x-0- 9 Xylaria *)Z* ., . 40
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PLATE 5ýý6.2. Incubated Macroterm
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PLATE Incubated Macrotermen bellico
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I 1;;; I
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cmbs (Fig3. %6.2v 5.6.3, Plate SoG-
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1913b)s but 11olm (1977) ronsiders
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also reported for Odontotermn-s oba
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5.6.2 ORQNISHS ASSOCIATED WITH MIE
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There atre many other fungus specie
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and this may-help to keep down thei
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UNWOMM SOIL FRMILY Wordcm OLD WOMW
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extracts of these materials in 3 so
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to C ) I. d. '1 E - 4 tl R tj 9: 11
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Experiment (2). Uliole termifte ext
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nest the combs are surrounded by sa
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0., '. 1 atmospheres (Swift, Heal a
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Washing procedures- The apparatus w
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Mean number of fungi 2710 lu zu ; j
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5.8,1* DII. SCUSSION one of the ori
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CHAPTEn six MICnOBIAL EMLOGY OUTSID
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of, each -soil on each 0041um were.
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I I C6 of a1 ba. 0 0. od. CL 0A low
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Discussion , 2810 , The lowest numb
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TABLE 6*14 kkAn mmber of ftmgal pro
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TABLE 6.1-7 Fungi isolated from dif
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6*2 E3TAUTSIMENT OF THS TMMITCWCES
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TABLE 6.2.2 Grworth of TerwitLanes
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I--,, V H 4ý g *9 m m t4 1-0 u -3
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In contrast-to-the African Odontate
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Attempts were made to germinate bax
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TAmz 6.2.6 The first flight and app
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H » P. ) 03 0iý 1 Nd. -0 9 9 :i 5
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eel H t&. 01 (b t' b. 0 b- > k ; 0m
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spe, ýles where the alaten carry s
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. The Inoculation of new combs by b
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e active on an adjacent combo This
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(b) constitutive% due to innate pro
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7.1.1 1O, D3 7ol MISTMIC CONT114TS
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TA131Z 7*1,3 Iblature content of Mc
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7*1-3 'DISCUSSION The mointure cont
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An well as supplying moisture the m
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TABLE 7-2-2 pli of fungus comb of o
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for collulanes from other sources.
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Qnly, a restricted, jrAnge of *rUan
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Campbell and Blaisdell 193'3)e Term
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TADLE 7-3-2 Reaction of Termit=. ex
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TABLE 7-3-1k Ile. Ictions of ruts o
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The reaction of tho Ii. bellicosus
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7-4-2 DYIng of cellophane strlpxo A
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ta 1* L(y% I tz 4 p OW 0 a 4, 4 m I
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PLATE Z. 4.1. Temitomyces culture f
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7-4-4 DISC=ICN , All the cultures o
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iiaves of crasses on"vhicih they ar
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7-5 'AVILIZATION OF STAM11, C311TIN
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FA WM0 ?A ol 10 rA 444F. C) cl to F
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00 0.9 P-d 2 1-" s10 a. FH ,H, ;, "
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z ib ýd- Z si !r M W. IVO ýi eD 9
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Presence of polyqalýtcturonase enz
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enzymes by Termitomyces Ix likely t
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fl. r6 11- u 1 9 tr 0 0 (+ ý8 li 1
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-n 0 CL CL Sý 0 (D -n CA CL Il (D
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m Q 9 CN ý cý 0a W -i u ýo 0 10
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(stark 1973)-,, This. show3 what a
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Other Mneral Elements Decomposer fu
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alAPTM LIGHT GENFJIAL DISCUSSIOU 36
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892- TMIXTOMYCES IN THE VILD A majo
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Termitan 8.3 MZYIM 9 DEMMMITION AND
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the ecosystem unless the nest in de
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fungus symbiosis Is not so efficien
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symbiosis. - The fungus doea not Ot
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is a pleasure to
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APPENDIX 1. CULTURE MEDIA BASIC NED
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CRITIN AM 1% chitin solution 1-, on
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APPENDIX 3 SPECIES OF TE1141TES it
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APPENDIX 4 SPECIES OF FUNGI Absidis
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Sept6basldiwi Pat. Sclerotinia Fuck
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01M WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (1) Th
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TWO-WAY ANALYSIS OF VXRIANCE (1) Th
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REGRESSION AND CORRELATION (1) Scat
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X2 AND X2 TEST OF HOMOGENEITY For X
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BECKER G. (1976). Termites and fung
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COLLINS N. M* (1979). The nests of
Page 426 and 427:
FRENCH J*R*J. (1975). The role of t
Page 428 and 429:
HEIM R. (1977). Termites at Champig
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to KONIGS J. G, (1779). Naturgeschi
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MISRA J. N# and RANGANATHAN V. (195
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POTTS R. C. and HEWITT P. H. (1974)
Page 436 and 437:
SINGH N. B. (1976). Studies on cert
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WARCUP J. H. (1959). Studies Qn Bas
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ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSIS OF TER ITOMYCES ...

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