ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSIS OF TER ITOMYCES ...

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1933), and Immersion In 119C12 (Dickman 19319 RaJgopalt Rao and Varna 1979)* Neither method was infallible but Hendee considered the most effective method to be the one with the highest degree of wetting* Other authors have only washed the gut In sterile distilled water (Das et, al* 1962). 1010
3.3,1 3-3 DETEMINATION OF THE OPTIK314 TEMPUZATURE FOR GROWTH INTRODUCTION In order to get the maximum amount of c0owth of Tormit2aces, it is necessary to know the optimum temperature for incubation. As the temperature optima of species within a genus way vary widely 1958) the experiment was carried out on cultures associated with (Cochrane different termite species to see if any differences could be found* The radial growth of Termitomyces on agar plates is considered a reliable method for determining the optimum temperature for growth (Brancato and Golding 1953, Cochrane 19-58 and Trinci 1969), and there in excellent correlation of radial growth with dry weight in temperature studies (Chaudhurl 1923). 3.3.2 KMIODS The optimum temperature for Growth was determined by measuring the radial growth of Termitmyet-F, culturex on plates of SP medium Incubated at 20t 24,299 32 and 350C. Five plates were act up at each temperature for each Termitomyc= culture* The plates contained 25.5 ml of agar vhich was therefore of a standard depth* The Innocula of Tem. itanyce-8 vero cut with a cork borer and placed upside down centrally on the agar plate* In the first experiment the cultures of Termita"yces used were from Ancistrotermex cavithorax, Macrotermes bellicogun, Macrotomes subhnlinual Odontotermes ameathmant and Odqntotem. eýk op. In the second experiment cultures from 4 Micratemes species were used, 3.3.3 MULTS 393.6. The results are given in Figs* 3-3-1 - 3.3.7 and Tables 3-3.1 - 1020
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ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TILE SYMBIOSI
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The establishment of Tennisces in n
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3*1,5 The effect on spore geminatio
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5-7 PRI-: VMTION OF SPORE CM1111NAT
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LIST OF FIGURES Legends have been a
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LIST OF TABLES 1, egends have been
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5.2.6 Fungi cultured by direct isol
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6.21.6 The first flight and appeara
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LIST OP PLATES Leoends have been ab
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GENMAL INTRODUCTION Termites are In
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Popudacanthotermes Ethiopian 2 Spha
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(Bela perse comj, China (Cheo, 1948
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alAPrER ONP A HISTORY OF THE STUDY
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there van a connection between the
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etween A. duthipi and the basidioca
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Intentionally by the termites and r
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MAKER " WO GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
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plots remained as woodland, 2 were
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p5 4 Experimentý! _ý, Plots ß. %
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TAMZ 2olol ChemIc&I and particle si
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TABLE 2.2.1 Monthly rainfall figure
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ff, tn II c14 21 CII ID Ct 8 U b- 4
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-ff C: ) 0 CO 0 (0 6060,0', 6::.. 0
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The soldiers may also be dimorphic,
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PLATE 2.3.1. Macrotermes bellicosus
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2.3-2 SPECIES OF TMtITES STUDIED An
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season (Collins 1977)o It forages u
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PLATE 2.3.2 Ancistrotermes cavithor
Page 58: PIATE 2.3.4 Macrotermes bellicosus
Page 61 and 62: . OWIA fr/ o"m law pp ,. 1, ýP, --
Page 63 and 64: ,.; ý; I.. 4, .. . 4, WL r7.. I It
Page 65 and 66: They forage an the surface in the w
Page 67 and 68: MIC. 1 toots CAL& Ail
Page 69 and 70: 2.4.1 TMMXTOMYCES IN NATURE 2*4 TMM
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTEn WEE DETERMINATION OF ISOIAT
Page 73 and 74: depth was the same for all plates a
Page 75 and 76: 0,05 ol-l (Eckert et al. 1961)- As
Page 77 and 78: (e) Cornmeal agar CUS04- 51lqO@ (g)
Page 79 and 80: and Penicilliun. Several Banidlomyc
Page 81 and 82: (e) Sorbic acid Sorble acid at 0.05
Page 83 and 84: TABLE 3*lo2 Antifungal substances p
Page 85 and 86: - uu b- nnmn 0000 %_. §.. A %. 0 W
Page 87 and 88: ý1- old ý 0 ýa 1. -0 . -% 0 I. A
Page 89 and 90: 3-1.3-',, ', ConclusiOns (1) Substa
Page 91 and 92: Q2 bw- 0 ). d 5. 8 (+ 0 c (2 c: :1
Page 93 and 94: 0 0o1: 1, .n R a I- ? in p pp 6- 0
Page 95 and 96: '"l r 8 (A fl- bo. '2 lot. a -4 1-
Page 97 and 98: (1) Substances appearino to be unsu
Page 99 and 100: slight controlling Offect on the _P
Page 101 and 102: CWI (3) - MI + Denlate (OoOl gl-Jý
Page 103 and 104: I II It UU f) n oo (D iD aa bd. to
Page 105 and 106: distilled water 19000 ml Kl'. ': IP
Page 107: 3*2*3 ]RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The r
Page 111 and 112: TABLE, 3.3.3 Analysis of variance o
Page 113 and 114: SLn3 21 MOC 240C 290C 320C 350C 20K
Page 115 and 116: Mean diameter of colony (m m) 16-1
Page 117 and 118: FIGURE 3.3-3. Mean diameter of Term
Page 119 and 120: Mean diameter of colony (M m) 16 14
Page 121 and 122: Change in mean diametE (mm) 1 day 1
Page 123 and 124: [3-[3 Macrotermes bellicosus A-A M.
Page 125 and 126: 3-3-4 DISCUSSION The growth curves
Page 127 and 128: Tbis species in not mound building
Page 129 and 130: 3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 3*4 MMIMNATION O
Page 131 and 132: Between rIlls Interaction 4. o - 4-
Page 133 and 134: OD 154 4. o 4.3 4.6 4.9 5. " 5.5 4.
Page 135 and 136: Mean 15 I diameter 13 I 9 1 7 5 of
Page 137 and 138: Mean diameter of colony (M m) 20 -t
Page 139 and 140: tolerant of low 01 values than thos
Page 141 and 142: 3.5 GROWTH OF DIFFERWT TLP-MITOMYCE
Page 143 and 144: FIGURE 3-5-1- (a), (b)v (c), (d), (
Page 145 and 146: 16- Me an 1 0 diameter of colony (m
Page 147 and 148: TABLE 3-5.12 Analysis of variance o
Page 149 and 150: TABLZ 3.5.3 The growth of Termitomy
Page 151 and 152: FIGURE 3.5.2. Regression of growth
Page 153 and 154: CHAPTEn FOUR TERHITOWCES IN CULTURE
Page 155 and 156: 44 (A ig In tr ý (+ re- m 0 fD r (
Page 157 and 158: to F IR 0 0 t oe l l. aW 0 ýa 9)-
Page 159:
AN 93
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IS 5' SI PLATE Termitomyces culture
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PLATE 4.1.2. TermitomIces cultures
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TA= 4,1,3 production of cultural my
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TABLE 4.1.5 Production of mycotUtes
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more favourable for their productio
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#W. FA 40 60 0 P. * n ic 3 32 f+ ti
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": I p I a *m. ". 4 S 0 (+ 11 3 -%A
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1649 FIGURZ 4*2*1* Lengtb, of Termi
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FIGURE 4.2*2. Width of Termitomyces
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4.2.3 -PISCUSSION Spores were not p
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4.3.1 MMUDS 4.3 BLASTMPME, GMMINATI
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a0 FiGuRE 4.3-1- (a)q (b), (c), Pro
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4.3.3 DISCUSSION The blastospores g
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5-1-1 INTPODUCTION 5.1 HMIMS In ord
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The Isolation of Termft2=ces, posiD
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developing on the plates. %- The nu
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TABLE 5*14 Number of fungal colonie
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5 days when the fungi were assigned
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circumferences of queen cell (Plate
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PLATZ- 5.2.1, Fungus comb removed f
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TABLE 5*3*1 The dimensionx of vario
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TA13LE 5,2.5 Density of Macrotermes
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J*- i 0--k M0 '0 0 b-0 101 1.0 V 42
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i TABLE 5*2.8 Analysis of variance
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1 TABLE !;, 2*10 Similarities In fu
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After approximately I week In the n
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time In the foodstore-lUngua comb s
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TABLE 5., 2*12 Mean number of Terml
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Discussion In comparing Tables 5-2*
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TABLE 5.2olt& Presence of bolus In
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m 10 0 Md re m La 0 > r 1 eg o V3 (
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5-3-1 IIMZODUCTICV AND MVIODS 5-3 M
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D 0*0 ft *** a siqnlficaný dIffere
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5,3*3 DISCUSSION There In a signifi
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"'"30 plates of "ch medium were set
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TADLE 5.4.2 He= number of t=gal tol
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The levels of significant differenc
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222o NUMB NURSE FORAGERS FORAGERS W
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On the selective medium dilution pl
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ýo 9 n er e 2: le 0-ý n 9 bm 2ý
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In the dloostive system of H, belli
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and Singh, Ungh and Singh (ITIO) ob
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Table 5-6-1 Fungi developing on Inc
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4 cr ic %-C " loo R. V Put f+ 0 OV
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TABLE 596A Foodstore afterý one ye
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1 FIGURE 5.6-3. Fungi developing on
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A . - X. '.. p ". 2 Xylaria . x. K
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N p ir
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PLATE 5.6.5. Soil plastered over in
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Discussion There was very little fu
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(1) xylaria nIqri]2ex Known ýrm Af
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Sordarin f1micala and Epicoccum nip
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The appcarance of the foodstore aft
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all species of termitest and Smay b
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loottbmley mul Fuller 1921, Trinerv
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from the wound and unworked soil fr
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Discussion The. soil freshly worked
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P. b44 >d 4 * 9 6ý a to b-ä- bo.
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Comparing the results. of both sets
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Discussion DLfferent ruggostions ha
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gastric juice so that It became a m
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5.8.1 INTRODMTION 5,11 VAIMING TECH
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1 --) D .1 7 8 270a FIGURE 5.8.1. W
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mean number of fungi 25 2C Washwate
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and TrIchoderma Are usually isolate
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6.1 MGZ IN SOILS, 6.1*1 FLTML POPUL
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u c NSD u T5 n TV **o m T!; NSD - 0
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TOM 6.1.4 Siodlarities In fungal sp
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was from a similar area althouoh wi
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0-5 ". 5-50 0-5 Pit A 5-25 2!; -50
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horizons of the soil (Swift 1976),
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plates to'datermine the generaj ran
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1 ri e c: 1 f3 &2 1 cr M 1 n tD n W
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Dizcufý. Asion The results show th
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6*2*2 ''EIASIDICCARP PRODUCTION IN
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296. Termit2=ps microcarpupq from C
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Fit 4 "0 w 00 6o ý; &I mP rA C: 4
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a 9 9 9 In 10 . 0% 61 06 ic e f* 32
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Discussion (1) Association between
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in Table 6.2.7 miy be Indorrects If
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which-aro 2-4 cm in diameter and di
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temperature In tile rAiny season rw
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OLUYrL. n SEVEN WE MYSTOWGICAL MIS
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i w Owl' " p 0 li c vi %A t" S 9 ,
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TABLS 7-1*6 Hoisture contents of my
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cmd In maintained around 93-99% (Il
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7.2.1 ýMIODS, 7.2 I! H The rAi of
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7.2-3 ]DISCUSSION Tho fungus combs,
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7-3-1 INTRODUCTION 7.3 LIGNIN DDGRA
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(b) soft rot, fungi. Under very moi
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7-3-2- )ODIODS (1) Red cabbage extr
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TABLE 7-3-3 Reaction of TermitVycom
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The reactions did not vary In any c
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7.4.1 INTRODUCTION 7.4 CELLULOSE DW
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the solution was read at 595 no aga
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0 :1 1 m 1 JAN 5 k*O 10 ýe ý tv p
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- «ý 4e _e %, >ýý . *- A. 0ý I
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enz, yme production are affected by
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ut In general the ccab in too acidi
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All those substancea are therefore
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I RR I. fD a) 00 www 99 + W. m 4 ý
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9 2 3 a W. c 5 2 0 Z
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l I r. * t+ bd. n tt o id. 1 9 p th
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Temlt2rm7ces, appears to be unusual
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7-6 MINERAL CbNTr., NT'oF taimmmiT
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FIGURE 7.6.1. Amount of nitrogen in
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0 :s-w w2 ooý. "I 0 I q+ 0) 1A r,
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7-6*3 DISCUSSION Nitro2en in genera
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needed to degrade uric acid nitroge
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on comparing the nutrient content o
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811 =MITOMYCES IN CULTURE Termit=cp
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when they left the-nesto whereas in
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workers with a lower nitrogen requi
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8*4 SIMMIOSIS BETW M- X? 4SMTS AND
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Iý8.5 EVOLUTION OF ME SYMOSIS Tito
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a viable fungus combo Construction
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APPENDICES 376.
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POTATO DEXTROSE AGAR (PDA) water 11
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APPENDIX 2 MILTONS nUID Miltons ste
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0. obscuriceRs (Wasmann) 0. patruus
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Lactarius Pers. ex Gray Lentrn-us c
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APPENDIX 5. STATISTICAL METHODS MEA
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significance was tested at p- o, o5
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(4) (5) ý6) SOURCE OF VARTATION DE
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STUDENTS t-TEIST. COMPARISON OF. IM
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REFERENCES ABO-1alATWA N. (1977). N
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*BUTCHER (1966). Cited by Ka'a"rik
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DESAI A. J. and PANDEY S. N. (1971)
Page 427 and 428:
CRAY T, R, G. and WILL1AMS S. T. (1
Page 429 and 430:
JOHNSON L. F. and CURL E. A. (1972)
Page 431 and 432:
MANDELS M. and 'REESE H. T. (1965).
Page 433 and 434:
OTIENO N. C. (1964). Contributions
Page 435 and 436:
RUELLE J. E. (1970). A reviniqn of
Page 437 and 438:
THORNTON R, H, (1960). Growth of fu
Page 439:
WOOD T. G. and OHIAGU C, E. (1976).
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