entire - Deutsche Bank Annual Report 2012

Deutsche Bank 02 – Consolidated Financial Statements 241
Financial Report 2010 Notes to the Consolidated Balance Sheet
14 – Financial Instruments carried at Fair Value
Valuation Adjustments: Valuation adjustments are an integral part of the valuation process. In making appropriate
valuation adjustments, the Group follows methodologies that consider factors such as bid/offer spreads, liquidity
and counterparty credit risk. Bid/offer spread valuation adjustments are required to adjust mid market valuations
to the appropriate bid or offer valuation. The bid or offer valuation is the best representation of the fair value for
an instrument, and therefore its fair value. The carrying value of a long position is adjusted from mid to bid, and
the carrying value of a short position is adjusted from mid to offer. Bid/offer valuation adjustments are determined
from bid-offer prices observed in relevant trading activity and in quotes from other broker-dealers or other
knowledgeable counterparties. Where the quoted price for the instrument is already a bid/offer price then no
bid/offer valuation adjustment is necessary. Where the fair value of financial instruments is derived from a modeling
technique then the parameter inputs into that model are normally at a mid-market level. Such instruments are
generally managed on a portfolio basis and valuation adjustments are taken to reflect the cost of closing out the
net exposure the Bank has to each of the input parameters. These adjustments are determined from bid-offer
prices observed in relevant trading activity and quotes from other broker-dealers.
Where complex valuation models are used, or where less-liquid positions are being valued, then bid/offer levels
for those positions may not be available directly from the market, and therefore the close-out cost of these
positions, models and parameters must be estimated. When these adjustments are designed, the Group closely
examines the valuation risks associated with the model as well as the positions themselves, and the resulting
adjustments are closely monitored on an ongoing basis.
Counterparty credit valuation adjustments are required to cover expected credit losses to the extent that the
valuation technique does not already include an expected credit loss factor. For example, a valuation adjustment
is required to cover expected credit losses on over-the-counter derivatives which are typically not reflected in
mid-market or bid/offer quotes. The adjustment amount is determined at each reporting date by assessing the
potential credit exposure to all counterparties taking into account any collateral held, the effect of any master
netting agreements, expected loss given default and the credit risk for each counterparty based on market
evidence, which may include historic default levels, fundamental analysis of financial information, and CDS
spreads.
Similarly, in establishing the fair value of derivative liabilities the Group considers its own creditworthiness on
derivatives by assessing all counterparties potential future exposure to the Group, taking into account any
collateral held, the effect of any master netting agreements, expected loss given default and the credit risk of
the Group based on historic default levels of entities of the same credit quality. The impact of this valuation
adjustment was that an insignificant gain was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2010.