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100 GREGORIAN CHANT
pattern of the Antiphoner sent them by Pope Eugenius II fifty years
previously. These are some indications of the particularly fine state
of religious music in England and Ireland from the seventh to the
ninth century, when the school of St. Gall in Switzerland took over
as heir of this glorious musical tradition.
In Germany plainsong was introduced by its great apostle St.
Boniface, who came from Wessex. In France it was planted by the
activity of Pepin (d. 768), to whom Pope Stephen had sent clerics to
teach the French cantors the Roman chant. It is also on record that
Simeon, Succentor of the Roman Schola cantorwn, was one of the
first masters of Gregorian chant at Rouen and elsewhere. Paul I
(757-67) sent an Antiphoner and a Responsorial as presents to Pepin.
Charlemagne continued his father's work of unification by spreading
the Roman liturgy and chant in Gaul and Germany, partly perhaps
from political reasons. His relations with Pope Hadrian in this matter
are told by Amalar, John the Deacon, and the Monk of Angouleme.
The centre of Gregorian music was Metz in Lorraine, which
from the time of Bishop Chrodegang (about 753) until the twelfth
century displayed great activity in the spread of the authentic Roman
chant. In 825 Pope Eugenius II gave the monastery of Corbie some
copies of the Antiphoner as reformed by Hadrian I (772-92), and
in that monastery the Roman tradition was faithfully maintained.
Another important centre, where a great number of most precious
manuscripts have been preserved, was St. Gall. Documents still in
existence prove that this centre was not a branch establishment of
Rome, but a dependency of England, and still more of Ireland. The
Irish influence upon St. Gall is attested as far back as the ninth cen
tury by Marcellus and Iso, and has been confirmed by modern studies.
From the ninth century onwards the Gregorian repertory was en
riched by many new forms of a character more popular than that of
the earlier ones, the hymns only excepted. Such are the sequences
(possibly a French invention), the tropes and the liturgical drama.
All these forms were cultivated at St. Gall, and more will be said of
them in subsequent chapters (see chap. V and VI). Other famous
schools in Germany were those of Reichenau, where the theorists
Walafrid Strabo (d. 840), Berno (d. 1048), and Hermannus Contractus
(d. 1054) lived and worked; Mainz; Fulda, which was under the
direction of the abbot Rabanus Maurus (d. 822), a disciple of Alcuin;
and Treves. In Normandy and France mention should be made of
the schools of Rouen, Corbie, Chartres, Tours, Rheims, St. Peter of
Moissac, and St. Martial of Limoges, the last being most famous for