Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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Two rice varieties, IET 3137 and ITA 306 were used in the trial. The trial was a split‐plot design with 3 replications. The main plot was fertilizer application rate. Bunds, 15 cm high, were constructed between the main plots. The two varieties were transplanted in the sub‐plots. Plot sizes were 3 m wide and 5 m long. Urea topdressing was applied 50 % at tillering and 50 % at panicle initiation. VI. On‐Farm SRI management trials The on‐farm trial was conducted in 2001. It was a researcher managed. Ten dabadas (households: the smallest divisible unit of a farm community in the Gambia) were selected at random to participate in the on‐farm trial. Each farmer did an SRI and their standard method of production. A standard variety IET 3137 was supplied to all participating farmers. Ten days old seedlings are transplanted at 30 x 30 cm spacing. Fertilizer was applied at a rate of 70‐30‐30 NPK kg/ha which is the national recommended rate, 30‐30‐30 kg/ha NPK was applied as basal, and 20 kg/ha N was applied at tillering and panicle initiation growth stages. The standard practice is continuously flooded. The SRI practice is intermittently flooded and dried. It is irrigated with enough water to saturate the soil, and is re‐irrigated after 2 or 3 days or until the soil starts to show signs of slight water deficit. Rice Varieties used in the trial: ITA 306 was introduced by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Ibadan, Nigeria. It is also known as Sahel 202. It is widely grown in the Sahel region. It matures in 110 ‐120 days. It is a high 89
tillering variety, with plant height of 110‐120 cm. It bears slightly chalky, slender and intermediate grains. IET 3137 is an introduction from India. It was bred by the Indian Central Rice Research Institute (ICRRI) in Cuttack. It is widely grown in The Gambia for its highly appreciated slightly translucent, slender and intermediate grain. It matures in 100‐110 days, and has a height 95‐100 cm. BG 90‐2 is an introduction from Sri Lanka. It was bred by the Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture, in Batalagoda. It is widely grown in West and Central Africa. In The Gambia and Mali it is known for its record high yields of 9‐10 t/ha. However, it has been documented that it is highly susceptible to nematodes and rice yellow mottle virus. It matures in 90‐95 days. It is a high tillering variety, with plant height of 100‐105 cm. It bears slightly chalky, slender and intermediate grains. Land Preparation: The trial plot sizes were 3 x 5m. Primary land preparation was with a harrow plow drawn by a 4‐wheel tractor, and secondary land preparation was with a 2‐wheel power‐tiller. Leveling was done with a power‐tiller drawn leveling board and by hand shifting of soil. All plots were transplanted. Weed control: In all trial inter‐row weed control was carried out mechanically with a roto‐weeder, and intra‐row weeding was by hand, at 14, 28 and 48 days after transplanting. No herbicide, insecticide, or chemical disease control measures were used. Data collected from trials: The data collected include the following: 90
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indeb
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: RICE
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3.3.2. Effect of Seedling Age at Tr
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Table 10. Grain Yield from Low‐In
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Table 28. Soil Sample Analysis at T
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Table 46. Yield Parameter SRI Ferti
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Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
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context of food security. As there
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management of soil nutrients and so
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enough fertilizer was available to
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the importation of agricultural inp
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12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 4
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The reason for the decline in The G
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2.1. Introduction CHAPTER TWO: LOW
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tend to produce moderately higher y
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available nitrogen and phosphorus r
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Table 3. Soil Test Data from Upland
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flood/drought cycle, which is provi
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educed transpiration due to soil wa
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management practices (dry land/irri
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Sta Cruz et al. (1994) identified d
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2.1.6. Nutrient Dynamics in Tropica
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efficiency (Cassman and Harwood, 19
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(1) Higher mineralization rate in t
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Translocation of N from the vegetat
Page 57 and 58: NUEp = TDM / NPLANT (3) From equati
Page 59 and 60: 4) The NuMaSS can be used to predic
Page 61 and 62: 1. Zero application (Control) 2. Lo
Page 63 and 64: are averages of duplicated assays a
Page 65 and 66: show any significant differences be
Page 67 and 68: Table 8. Low‐Input Upland Rice Tr
Page 69 and 70: stress conditions that prevailed du
Page 71 and 72: Fertilizer Level Variety Grain Yiel
Page 73 and 74: Harvest Index Harvest Index 0.6 0.5
Page 75 and 76: Tissue N (%) Tissue N (%) Tissue N
Page 77 and 78: According to Fukai et al. (1999) hi
Page 79 and 80: NUE(grain) g per g (N) NUE(grain) g
Page 81 and 82: Necessary inputs for the nitrogen m
Page 83 and 84: Determining Crop N: The first step
Page 85 and 86: Hierarchy for NSoil: 1. You will en
Page 87 and 88: e able to access a value from the d
Page 89 and 90: Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
Page 91 and 92: season, but in the event that major
Page 93 and 94: In many cases, results did not meet
Page 95 and 96: 1995 worked with Malagasy farmers a
Page 97 and 98: 3.1.3. Water Management Water contr
Page 99 and 100: diffusion from the soil‐water int
Page 101 and 102: and rewetting of soils as practiced
Page 103 and 104: 2. SRI will increase rice yields be
Page 105 and 106: Three sets of rice nurseries were p
Page 107: Two rice varieties, IET 3137 and IT
Page 111 and 112: Gambia prefer bigger seedlings beca
Page 113 and 114: Figure 12. Number of New Roots Re
Page 115 and 116: Seedling Age 5‐Days 5‐Days 10
Page 117 and 118: Table 14. SRI vs. Conventional Prac
Page 119 and 120: The difference in 1000‐grain weig
Page 121 and 122: Variety Inter Space (cm) ITA 306 IE
Page 123 and 124: 104 SRI management practice using 3
Page 125 and 126: fertilizer, but no better panicle f
Page 127 and 128: increase in fertilizer application.
Page 129 and 130: transplanting urea fertilizer was a
Page 131 and 132: 112 Applying just compost alone gav
Page 133 and 134: submerging the 7‐day old seedling
Page 135 and 136: 116 An increase in SRI yields in su
Page 137 and 138: 4.1. General conclusions CHAPTER FO
Page 139 and 140: practices are 2 to 3 times higher t
Page 141 and 142: application. This study has proven
Page 143 and 144: APPENDIX 1: FIELD LAYOUT V. High‐
Page 145 and 146: Table 26. Soil Sample Analysis at H
Page 147 and 148: Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 APPENDIX 3
Page 149 and 150: Table 32. Low‐Input Upland Rice T
Page 151 and 152: Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 Table 34.
Page 153 and 154: Table 36. Nitrogen‐Use Efficiency
Page 155 and 156: Table 38. SRI vs Conventional Pract
Page 157 and 158: Table 40. Grain Yield from SRI Prac
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Fertilizer Level Table 42. SRI Fert
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Table 44. SRI Fertilizer Management
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Table 46. Yield Parameters SRI Fert
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Cabrera, M.L. 1993. Modeling the fl
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148 Dunsmore, J.R., A.B. Rains, G.D
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150 Hassink, J., Lebbink, G. and Va
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152 management in agricultural syst
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154 Root traits to increase drought
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156 emission from rice fields: The
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158 on ammonia volatilization losse
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Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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