Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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Amendments. The amount of N from manure can either be calculated from information you supply or from the default data tables. Determining Residue N: Green manures that remain in place or residues, such as stover or compost, that are moved from one location to another also provide N to the crop and thus reduce the amount of fertilizer that must be added. You will enter information on green manures in the Diagnosis section under Crop History. You MUST select the green manure from the list. If you select the ʺotherʺ green manure then you must also enter the total dry matter and dry matter N content. You will be asked about residue information in the Prediction section under the Applied Amendments. Again, you will be asked to supply specific information, but if you do not have this information, values may be supplied from the data tables. To calculate the contribution of nitrogen from these organic sources, you MUST supply the amount of residue that is added and the N content of these materials. Determining Fertilizer Requirement: At the end of the Prediction section, the crop N requirement and N sources (N supplied by the soil and added organic sources) have been determined. By subtracting the amount of N supplied by the soil and organic sources from the amount of N needed by the crop at the target yield, the amount of extra N needed as fertilizer is calculated. To determine fertilizer N, the amount of N needed by the crop is divided by the efficiency of the N fertilizer (See Prediction section – N Application). You can either supply the fertilizer efficiency value or you may 67
e able to access a value from the database. Fertilizer efficiency must be supplied for the system to provide an N fertilizer recommendation. The amount of N available to the crop is a function of the amount of soil N, either from manure or crop residues and the NUE of the crop in a given environment (Osmond et al., 2002). In order to compare the predicted N need for the low‐input varieties with the achieved yields at 40, 80, and 160 kg/ha N application rates, 3 levels of NUE (10, 30 and 50%) were used to find out what the real NUE was in each cropping season for a given variety (Figure 10). The predicted N application rates and the corresponding real yield values indicate that the NUE for the low‐input varieties does not exceed 50%. In 2000, the highest yield at 40 and 80 kg/ha N application rate was from WAB377‐B, with NUE of 40 and 20% respectively. At 160 kg/ha N application rate the NUE fell below 10% with all varieties. At very high N application rates (160 kg/ha) lodging and blast disease incidence were observed. In 2001, at 40 kg/ha N application rate WAB56‐125 gave the highest yield with a NUE of 40%. At 80 kg/ha N application rate WAB56‐50 had the highest yield with a NUE close to 30%. In 2002, a relatively drier than normal year, NUE was higher for all the varieties and ranged from 30 to 50 % at 40 and 80 kg/ha N application rates. In 2001, it was relatively wetter than normal. Nitrogen use‐efficiency was lower in the wetter years than in the drier ones. This was probably due to high leaching and N loss to run‐off and topsoil erosion in the wetter years. Overall, in a normal or drier year WAB56‐125 has the best NUE of the low‐input varieties. The NuMaSS predictions were more realistic in the drier year than 68
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indeb
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: RICE
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3.3.2. Effect of Seedling Age at Tr
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Table 10. Grain Yield from Low‐In
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Table 28. Soil Sample Analysis at T
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Table 46. Yield Parameter SRI Ferti
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Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
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context of food security. As there
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management of soil nutrients and so
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enough fertilizer was available to
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the importation of agricultural inp
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12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 4
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The reason for the decline in The G
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2.1. Introduction CHAPTER TWO: LOW
Page 35 and 36: tend to produce moderately higher y
Page 37 and 38: available nitrogen and phosphorus r
Page 39 and 40: Table 3. Soil Test Data from Upland
Page 41 and 42: flood/drought cycle, which is provi
Page 43 and 44: educed transpiration due to soil wa
Page 45 and 46: management practices (dry land/irri
Page 47 and 48: Sta Cruz et al. (1994) identified d
Page 49 and 50: 2.1.6. Nutrient Dynamics in Tropica
Page 51 and 52: efficiency (Cassman and Harwood, 19
Page 53 and 54: (1) Higher mineralization rate in t
Page 55 and 56: Translocation of N from the vegetat
Page 57 and 58: NUEp = TDM / NPLANT (3) From equati
Page 59 and 60: 4) The NuMaSS can be used to predic
Page 61 and 62: 1. Zero application (Control) 2. Lo
Page 63 and 64: are averages of duplicated assays a
Page 65 and 66: show any significant differences be
Page 67 and 68: Table 8. Low‐Input Upland Rice Tr
Page 69 and 70: stress conditions that prevailed du
Page 71 and 72: Fertilizer Level Variety Grain Yiel
Page 73 and 74: Harvest Index Harvest Index 0.6 0.5
Page 75 and 76: Tissue N (%) Tissue N (%) Tissue N
Page 77 and 78: According to Fukai et al. (1999) hi
Page 79 and 80: NUE(grain) g per g (N) NUE(grain) g
Page 81 and 82: Necessary inputs for the nitrogen m
Page 83 and 84: Determining Crop N: The first step
Page 85: Hierarchy for NSoil: 1. You will en
Page 89 and 90: Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
Page 91 and 92: season, but in the event that major
Page 93 and 94: In many cases, results did not meet
Page 95 and 96: 1995 worked with Malagasy farmers a
Page 97 and 98: 3.1.3. Water Management Water contr
Page 99 and 100: diffusion from the soil‐water int
Page 101 and 102: and rewetting of soils as practiced
Page 103 and 104: 2. SRI will increase rice yields be
Page 105 and 106: Three sets of rice nurseries were p
Page 107 and 108: Two rice varieties, IET 3137 and IT
Page 109 and 110: tillering variety, with plant heigh
Page 111 and 112: Gambia prefer bigger seedlings beca
Page 113 and 114: Figure 12. Number of New Roots Re
Page 115 and 116: Seedling Age 5‐Days 5‐Days 10
Page 117 and 118: Table 14. SRI vs. Conventional Prac
Page 119 and 120: The difference in 1000‐grain weig
Page 121 and 122: Variety Inter Space (cm) ITA 306 IE
Page 123 and 124: 104 SRI management practice using 3
Page 125 and 126: fertilizer, but no better panicle f
Page 127 and 128: increase in fertilizer application.
Page 129 and 130: transplanting urea fertilizer was a
Page 131 and 132: 112 Applying just compost alone gav
Page 133 and 134: submerging the 7‐day old seedling
Page 135 and 136: 116 An increase in SRI yields in su
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4.1. General conclusions CHAPTER FO
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practices are 2 to 3 times higher t
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application. This study has proven
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APPENDIX 1: FIELD LAYOUT V. High‐
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Table 26. Soil Sample Analysis at H
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Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 APPENDIX 3
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Table 32. Low‐Input Upland Rice T
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Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 Table 34.
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Table 36. Nitrogen‐Use Efficiency
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Table 38. SRI vs Conventional Pract
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Table 40. Grain Yield from SRI Prac
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Fertilizer Level Table 42. SRI Fert
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Table 44. SRI Fertilizer Management
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Table 46. Yield Parameters SRI Fert
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Cabrera, M.L. 1993. Modeling the fl
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148 Dunsmore, J.R., A.B. Rains, G.D
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150 Hassink, J., Lebbink, G. and Va
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152 management in agricultural syst
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154 Root traits to increase drought
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156 emission from rice fields: The
Page 177 and 178:
158 on ammonia volatilization losse
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Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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