Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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the 2002, even though most crop varieties failed completely during this period. Water is essential for plant growth, its shortage reduces transpiration due to soil water deficit, which results in reduced photosynthesis, since gas exchange for both water and CO2 takes place simultaneously through stomata. Although some drought resistant varieties are known to have a high photosynthesis:transpiration ratio, it has been proven (Dingkuhn, 1989) that a strong linkage between water use and plant dry matter production limits development of varieties that are supposedly drought resistant when water becomes a significant constraint. Soil water content is the predominant factor affecting the rate of N uptake. The rate of absorption of nitrate N from the soil is highly correlated to absorption. Transpiration induces soil solution flow towards the root surface carrying dissolved solutes with it by convection or mass flow. A soil profile just before harvesting prevailed that the bulk density of the test varieties’ roots is concentrated within the 0‐10 cm depth, contrary to prior hypothesis that they possibly processed a highly diffused root system. It has also been proven by Mitchell et al. (1998) that genotypes with larger canopy size tend to be severely affected by early season drought, leaf water potential decreases rapidly and a large number of young green leaves are lost, although it may not necessarily reflect on the harvest index (Figure 5). Harvest Index 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 Control Low-Input High Input V. High Input 2002 53
Harvest Index Harvest Index 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 Control Low-Input High Input V. High Input Control Low-Input High Input V. High Input Peking WAB377-B WAB56-125 WAB56-50 Figure 5. Harvest Index of Low‐Input Upland Rice Varieties in 2000, 2001 and 2002 Cropping Seasons in Brikama, The Gambia The low‐input varieties being tested have larger canopy, a mechanism found useful to suppress weeds during the early stages of growth. Under drought conditions nutrients become relatively less available because their 2001 2000 54
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indeb
Page 9 and 10:
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: RICE
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3.3.2. Effect of Seedling Age at Tr
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Table 10. Grain Yield from Low‐In
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Table 28. Soil Sample Analysis at T
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Table 46. Yield Parameter SRI Ferti
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Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
Page 21 and 22: context of food security. As there
Page 23 and 24: management of soil nutrients and so
Page 25 and 26: enough fertilizer was available to
Page 27 and 28: the importation of agricultural inp
Page 29 and 30: 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 4
Page 31 and 32: The reason for the decline in The G
Page 33 and 34: 2.1. Introduction CHAPTER TWO: LOW
Page 35 and 36: tend to produce moderately higher y
Page 37 and 38: available nitrogen and phosphorus r
Page 39 and 40: Table 3. Soil Test Data from Upland
Page 41 and 42: flood/drought cycle, which is provi
Page 43 and 44: educed transpiration due to soil wa
Page 45 and 46: management practices (dry land/irri
Page 47 and 48: Sta Cruz et al. (1994) identified d
Page 49 and 50: 2.1.6. Nutrient Dynamics in Tropica
Page 51 and 52: efficiency (Cassman and Harwood, 19
Page 53 and 54: (1) Higher mineralization rate in t
Page 55 and 56: Translocation of N from the vegetat
Page 57 and 58: NUEp = TDM / NPLANT (3) From equati
Page 59 and 60: 4) The NuMaSS can be used to predic
Page 61 and 62: 1. Zero application (Control) 2. Lo
Page 63 and 64: are averages of duplicated assays a
Page 65 and 66: show any significant differences be
Page 67 and 68: Table 8. Low‐Input Upland Rice Tr
Page 69 and 70: stress conditions that prevailed du
Page 71: Fertilizer Level Variety Grain Yiel
Page 75 and 76: Tissue N (%) Tissue N (%) Tissue N
Page 77 and 78: According to Fukai et al. (1999) hi
Page 79 and 80: NUE(grain) g per g (N) NUE(grain) g
Page 81 and 82: Necessary inputs for the nitrogen m
Page 83 and 84: Determining Crop N: The first step
Page 85 and 86: Hierarchy for NSoil: 1. You will en
Page 87 and 88: e able to access a value from the d
Page 89 and 90: Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
Page 91 and 92: season, but in the event that major
Page 93 and 94: In many cases, results did not meet
Page 95 and 96: 1995 worked with Malagasy farmers a
Page 97 and 98: 3.1.3. Water Management Water contr
Page 99 and 100: diffusion from the soil‐water int
Page 101 and 102: and rewetting of soils as practiced
Page 103 and 104: 2. SRI will increase rice yields be
Page 105 and 106: Three sets of rice nurseries were p
Page 107 and 108: Two rice varieties, IET 3137 and IT
Page 109 and 110: tillering variety, with plant heigh
Page 111 and 112: Gambia prefer bigger seedlings beca
Page 113 and 114: Figure 12. Number of New Roots Re
Page 115 and 116: Seedling Age 5‐Days 5‐Days 10
Page 117 and 118: Table 14. SRI vs. Conventional Prac
Page 119 and 120: The difference in 1000‐grain weig
Page 121 and 122: Variety Inter Space (cm) ITA 306 IE
Page 123 and 124:
104 SRI management practice using 3
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fertilizer, but no better panicle f
Page 127 and 128:
increase in fertilizer application.
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transplanting urea fertilizer was a
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112 Applying just compost alone gav
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submerging the 7‐day old seedling
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116 An increase in SRI yields in su
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4.1. General conclusions CHAPTER FO
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practices are 2 to 3 times higher t
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application. This study has proven
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APPENDIX 1: FIELD LAYOUT V. High‐
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Table 26. Soil Sample Analysis at H
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Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 APPENDIX 3
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Table 32. Low‐Input Upland Rice T
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Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 Table 34.
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Table 36. Nitrogen‐Use Efficiency
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Table 38. SRI vs Conventional Pract
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Table 40. Grain Yield from SRI Prac
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Fertilizer Level Table 42. SRI Fert
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Table 44. SRI Fertilizer Management
Page 163 and 164:
Table 46. Yield Parameters SRI Fert
Page 165 and 166:
Cabrera, M.L. 1993. Modeling the fl
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148 Dunsmore, J.R., A.B. Rains, G.D
Page 169 and 170:
150 Hassink, J., Lebbink, G. and Va
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152 management in agricultural syst
Page 173 and 174:
154 Root traits to increase drought
Page 175 and 176:
156 emission from rice fields: The
Page 177 and 178:
158 on ammonia volatilization losse
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Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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