Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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properties with organic matter built‐up and micro‐fauna development in plough‐layer of the soil. 3.4. Conclusions 115 SRI management practices produced higher yields than the currently recommended management practices in The Gambia. Yields using SRI management practices are 2 to 3 times higher than national averages in The Gambia and the Sahel. The phenotype of the plant is better expressed with SRI management practice. Lodging incidence was not observed in any of the SRI trials. The major factors that contribute to better plant performance could be attributed in part to high nutrient availability associated with improved soil and water management practices of SRI permitting the soil to be repeatedly wetted and dried as well as using younger seedlings at transplanting. Younger seedlings are more viable than older ones when uprooted and transplanted. Although older seedlings have a relatively higher bulk root density, they also have a relatively much higher above‐ground biomass to supply nutrient and water. For SRI management 7 ‐10 day old seedlings should be used. At this age they are relatively easy to handle and will not have reached their fourth phyllochron of growth. Except for plant height and tiller ability, no significant varietal effect was seen. Overall, water management practice did have an effect on plant height. A larger number of tillers per hill was not associated with repeated wetting and drying, as occurred in response to wider spacing.
116 An increase in SRI yields in subsequent years was observed. Yields in 2002 were higher than in 2001 by 42 % on average for the SRI fertilizer trial. This was probably due to improved soil conditions following 2001 crop, as a result of residual fertilizer and stover incorporation. Application of compost with 80 kg/ha N as a topdressing gave better yields than compost alone, but was not significantly different from compost with 40 kg/ha N topdressing. In SRI management nitrogen is gradually released from decomposing organic matter during the growing season, so less N fertilization is required as soil organic matter levels increase. A continuously flooded rice field requires more N fertilizer than one that is repeatedly wetted and dried. Under SRI management practice, the availability of nutrients to support high yields did not seem to be limiting in the soils where the trials were conducted. This may be due to the fact that the rate of mineralization is enhanced by the process of repeated wetting and drying and the enhanced development of microbial populations in the soil. SRI water control acts a preventive measure against defoliator caseworm outbreak. The caseworms feeds on the rice leaves and in the process some part of the leaves fall in the water. A field infested with caseworms is easily detected by the large number of leaves floating in the water. Caseworms are semi‐aquatic and move from one plant to another by swimming in the flood waters or floating on top of rice leaves in water. Draining the field restricts caseworm movement, thereby limiting their spread. Keeping a field drained for 3 days is enough to starve and eliminate any caseworm present.
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indeb
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: RICE
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3.3.2. Effect of Seedling Age at Tr
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Table 10. Grain Yield from Low‐In
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Table 28. Soil Sample Analysis at T
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Table 46. Yield Parameter SRI Ferti
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Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
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context of food security. As there
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management of soil nutrients and so
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enough fertilizer was available to
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the importation of agricultural inp
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12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 4
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The reason for the decline in The G
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2.1. Introduction CHAPTER TWO: LOW
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tend to produce moderately higher y
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available nitrogen and phosphorus r
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Table 3. Soil Test Data from Upland
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flood/drought cycle, which is provi
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educed transpiration due to soil wa
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management practices (dry land/irri
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Sta Cruz et al. (1994) identified d
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2.1.6. Nutrient Dynamics in Tropica
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efficiency (Cassman and Harwood, 19
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(1) Higher mineralization rate in t
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Translocation of N from the vegetat
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NUEp = TDM / NPLANT (3) From equati
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4) The NuMaSS can be used to predic
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1. Zero application (Control) 2. Lo
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are averages of duplicated assays a
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show any significant differences be
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Table 8. Low‐Input Upland Rice Tr
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stress conditions that prevailed du
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Fertilizer Level Variety Grain Yiel
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Harvest Index Harvest Index 0.6 0.5
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Tissue N (%) Tissue N (%) Tissue N
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According to Fukai et al. (1999) hi
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NUE(grain) g per g (N) NUE(grain) g
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Necessary inputs for the nitrogen m
Page 83 and 84: Determining Crop N: The first step
Page 85 and 86: Hierarchy for NSoil: 1. You will en
Page 87 and 88: e able to access a value from the d
Page 89 and 90: Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
Page 91 and 92: season, but in the event that major
Page 93 and 94: In many cases, results did not meet
Page 95 and 96: 1995 worked with Malagasy farmers a
Page 97 and 98: 3.1.3. Water Management Water contr
Page 99 and 100: diffusion from the soil‐water int
Page 101 and 102: and rewetting of soils as practiced
Page 103 and 104: 2. SRI will increase rice yields be
Page 105 and 106: Three sets of rice nurseries were p
Page 107 and 108: Two rice varieties, IET 3137 and IT
Page 109 and 110: tillering variety, with plant heigh
Page 111 and 112: Gambia prefer bigger seedlings beca
Page 113 and 114: Figure 12. Number of New Roots Re
Page 115 and 116: Seedling Age 5‐Days 5‐Days 10
Page 117 and 118: Table 14. SRI vs. Conventional Prac
Page 119 and 120: The difference in 1000‐grain weig
Page 121 and 122: Variety Inter Space (cm) ITA 306 IE
Page 123 and 124: 104 SRI management practice using 3
Page 125 and 126: fertilizer, but no better panicle f
Page 127 and 128: increase in fertilizer application.
Page 129 and 130: transplanting urea fertilizer was a
Page 131 and 132: 112 Applying just compost alone gav
Page 133: submerging the 7‐day old seedling
Page 137 and 138: 4.1. General conclusions CHAPTER FO
Page 139 and 140: practices are 2 to 3 times higher t
Page 141 and 142: application. This study has proven
Page 143 and 144: APPENDIX 1: FIELD LAYOUT V. High‐
Page 145 and 146: Table 26. Soil Sample Analysis at H
Page 147 and 148: Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 APPENDIX 3
Page 149 and 150: Table 32. Low‐Input Upland Rice T
Page 151 and 152: Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 Table 34.
Page 153 and 154: Table 36. Nitrogen‐Use Efficiency
Page 155 and 156: Table 38. SRI vs Conventional Pract
Page 157 and 158: Table 40. Grain Yield from SRI Prac
Page 159 and 160: Fertilizer Level Table 42. SRI Fert
Page 161 and 162: Table 44. SRI Fertilizer Management
Page 163 and 164: Table 46. Yield Parameters SRI Fert
Page 165 and 166: Cabrera, M.L. 1993. Modeling the fl
Page 167 and 168: 148 Dunsmore, J.R., A.B. Rains, G.D
Page 169 and 170: 150 Hassink, J., Lebbink, G. and Va
Page 171 and 172: 152 management in agricultural syst
Page 173 and 174: 154 Root traits to increase drought
Page 175 and 176: 156 emission from rice fields: The
Page 177 and 178: 158 on ammonia volatilization losse
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Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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