Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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1988). Given these circumstances, emphasis should be placed upon optimizing the efficiency of fertilizer N use. A relatively higher NUE has been observed in rice with high harvest index (grain yield divided by total dry matter) by Bufogle et al. (1997). Eghball and Maranville (1991) noted that NUE generally parallels water use efficiency (WUE) in corn. Wheat varieties with a high harvest and low forage yield have low plant N loss and increased NUE (Kanampiu et al., 1997). Work by Karrou and Maranville (1993) suggests that wheat varieties that produce more seedling dry matter with greater N accumulation are not necessarily the ones that use N more efficiently. Furthermore, N assimilation after anthesis is needed to achieve high yield (Cox et al., 1985) and high NUE. Rice grain yield may be considered to be the product of total above‐ground dry matter at harvest and the proportion of it partitioned to grain, i.e., harvest index (HI). Yield (Y) = Total Dry Matter (TDM) x Harvest Index (HI) (1) The nitrogen content in grain is the product of Yield and the Nitrogen concentration of grain (Ng%). The content in straw is the product of straw dry matter (TDM) and straw nitrogen concentration (Ns%). Nitrogen content in the whole plant (NPLANT) is the sum of nitrogen in the grain and straw, if one should ignore the nitrogen in roots for simplicity sake. NPLANT = NGRAIN + NSTRAW (2) Nitrogen‐use efficiency for the plant (NUEp) or physiological efficiency is defined as: 37
NUEp = TDM / NPLANT (3) From equations 1 and 3 Y = NPLANT x NUEp x HI (4) Using equation 4 differences among genotypes in yield under various soil fertility levels can be considered in terms of the following: • Efficiency in N uptake • Efficiency with which absorbed N is used (NUEp) • Harvest Index (HI) Nitrogen‐use efficiency for grain production (NUEg) is defined as the grain yield per unit nitrogen in the plant. The equation below thus indicates the importance of HI, Ns% in determining NUEg. NUEg = Y / NPLANT = TDM x HI/TDM * (1 ‐ HI) * Ns% + TDM x HI x Ng% = 1/(1/HI ‐ 1) * Ns% + Ng% When HI is small, the genotype variation in Ns% will contribute more to the variation in NUEg. As HI increases, however, the contribution of Ns% decreases, and at HI = 0.5, the genotype differences in the values of Ns and Ng% will contribute equally to NUEg. Research Objectives and Hypotheses 38
Page 1 and 2:
MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
Page 3 and 4:
MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
Page 5 and 6: BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was
Page 7 and 8: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indeb
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: RICE
Page 11 and 12: 3.3.2. Effect of Seedling Age at Tr
Page 13 and 14: Table 10. Grain Yield from Low‐In
Page 15 and 16: Table 28. Soil Sample Analysis at T
Page 17 and 18: Table 46. Yield Parameter SRI Ferti
Page 19 and 20: Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
Page 21 and 22: context of food security. As there
Page 23 and 24: management of soil nutrients and so
Page 25 and 26: enough fertilizer was available to
Page 27 and 28: the importation of agricultural inp
Page 29 and 30: 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 4
Page 31 and 32: The reason for the decline in The G
Page 33 and 34: 2.1. Introduction CHAPTER TWO: LOW
Page 35 and 36: tend to produce moderately higher y
Page 37 and 38: available nitrogen and phosphorus r
Page 39 and 40: Table 3. Soil Test Data from Upland
Page 41 and 42: flood/drought cycle, which is provi
Page 43 and 44: educed transpiration due to soil wa
Page 45 and 46: management practices (dry land/irri
Page 47 and 48: Sta Cruz et al. (1994) identified d
Page 49 and 50: 2.1.6. Nutrient Dynamics in Tropica
Page 51 and 52: efficiency (Cassman and Harwood, 19
Page 53 and 54: (1) Higher mineralization rate in t
Page 55: Translocation of N from the vegetat
Page 59 and 60: 4) The NuMaSS can be used to predic
Page 61 and 62: 1. Zero application (Control) 2. Lo
Page 63 and 64: are averages of duplicated assays a
Page 65 and 66: show any significant differences be
Page 67 and 68: Table 8. Low‐Input Upland Rice Tr
Page 69 and 70: stress conditions that prevailed du
Page 71 and 72: Fertilizer Level Variety Grain Yiel
Page 73 and 74: Harvest Index Harvest Index 0.6 0.5
Page 75 and 76: Tissue N (%) Tissue N (%) Tissue N
Page 77 and 78: According to Fukai et al. (1999) hi
Page 79 and 80: NUE(grain) g per g (N) NUE(grain) g
Page 81 and 82: Necessary inputs for the nitrogen m
Page 83 and 84: Determining Crop N: The first step
Page 85 and 86: Hierarchy for NSoil: 1. You will en
Page 87 and 88: e able to access a value from the d
Page 89 and 90: Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
Page 91 and 92: season, but in the event that major
Page 93 and 94: In many cases, results did not meet
Page 95 and 96: 1995 worked with Malagasy farmers a
Page 97 and 98: 3.1.3. Water Management Water contr
Page 99 and 100: diffusion from the soil‐water int
Page 101 and 102: and rewetting of soils as practiced
Page 103 and 104: 2. SRI will increase rice yields be
Page 105 and 106: Three sets of rice nurseries were p
Page 107 and 108:
Two rice varieties, IET 3137 and IT
Page 109 and 110:
tillering variety, with plant heigh
Page 111 and 112:
Gambia prefer bigger seedlings beca
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 12. Number of New Roots Re
Page 115 and 116:
Seedling Age 5‐Days 5‐Days 10
Page 117 and 118:
Table 14. SRI vs. Conventional Prac
Page 119 and 120:
The difference in 1000‐grain weig
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Variety Inter Space (cm) ITA 306 IE
Page 123 and 124:
104 SRI management practice using 3
Page 125 and 126:
fertilizer, but no better panicle f
Page 127 and 128:
increase in fertilizer application.
Page 129 and 130:
transplanting urea fertilizer was a
Page 131 and 132:
112 Applying just compost alone gav
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submerging the 7‐day old seedling
Page 135 and 136:
116 An increase in SRI yields in su
Page 137 and 138:
4.1. General conclusions CHAPTER FO
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practices are 2 to 3 times higher t
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application. This study has proven
Page 143 and 144:
APPENDIX 1: FIELD LAYOUT V. High‐
Page 145 and 146:
Table 26. Soil Sample Analysis at H
Page 147 and 148:
Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 APPENDIX 3
Page 149 and 150:
Table 32. Low‐Input Upland Rice T
Page 151 and 152:
Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 Table 34.
Page 153 and 154:
Table 36. Nitrogen‐Use Efficiency
Page 155 and 156:
Table 38. SRI vs Conventional Pract
Page 157 and 158:
Table 40. Grain Yield from SRI Prac
Page 159 and 160:
Fertilizer Level Table 42. SRI Fert
Page 161 and 162:
Table 44. SRI Fertilizer Management
Page 163 and 164:
Table 46. Yield Parameters SRI Fert
Page 165 and 166:
Cabrera, M.L. 1993. Modeling the fl
Page 167 and 168:
148 Dunsmore, J.R., A.B. Rains, G.D
Page 169 and 170:
150 Hassink, J., Lebbink, G. and Va
Page 171 and 172:
152 management in agricultural syst
Page 173 and 174:
154 Root traits to increase drought
Page 175 and 176:
156 emission from rice fields: The
Page 177 and 178:
158 on ammonia volatilization losse
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Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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