Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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153 agriculture. Dept. Of Planning, State Dept. for Agriculture, Banjul, The Gambia. Neue, H.V. and Lantin K.S. 1994. Micronutrient toxicities and deficincies in rice. In: Xeo A.R. and Flowers, T.J. (eds) Monographic Theories of Applied Genetics. 21:175‐200. Nguyen, H.T., J.D. Ray, Long‐Xi Yu. 1994. Nutrient and water use. In: G.J.D. Kirk (ed.) Rice roots: Selected papers from the International Rice Research Conferences. p.79‐86. IRRI Publication, Manila, Philippines. Novoa, R., and R.S. Loomis. 1981. Nitrogen and plant production. Plant Soil. 58:177‐204. Nye, P.H., and P.B. Tinker. 1977. Solute movement in the soil‐root system. Studies in ecology series. Vol.4. Blackwell scientific publications. Oxford, England. Oldeman L.R. and T. Woodhead. 1986. Physical aspects of upland rice environments. p.3‐10. In: IRRI (ed) Progress in Upland Rice Research,Proceeding of the 1985 Jakarta conference. IRRI publication, Manila, Philippines. Osmond, D.L., T.J. Smyth, R.S. Yost, D. L. Hoag, W.S. Reid, W. Branch, X. Wang and H. Li. 2002. Nutrient Management Support System (NuMaSS), v. 2.0. Soil Management Collaborative Research Support System, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. Otoo, E., R. Ishii, and A. Kumura. 1989. Interaction of nitrogen supply and soil water stress on photosynthesis and transpiration in rice. Japan J. of Crop Sci. 58(3):424‐429. O’Toole, J.C. 1981. Seedling stage drought response in rice. IRRI publication, Manila, Philippines. O,Toole, J.C., Chang, T.T. 1979. Drought resistance in cereals ‐ rice: A case study. p. 374‐405. In: Mussel, H. and R.C. Staples (eds.) Stress physiology of crop plants. Wiley‐Interscience, New York. Pantuwan, G., Fukai, S., Cooper, M., OʹToole, and J.C., Sarkarung, S. 1997.
154 Root traits to increase drought resistance in rainfed lowland rice in drought‐prone environments, Proceedings of an International Workshop, Ubon Ratchatani, Thailand, 5‐8 November 1996. ACIAR, Canberra, pp. 170‐179. Parr, J.F. 1973. Chemical and biological considerations for maximizing the efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen. J. of Environ. Qual. 2:75‐84. Peng, S. and K.G. Cassman. 1998. Upper thresholds of nitrogen uptake rates associated nitrogen fertilizer efficiencies in irrigated rice. Agronomy J. Penning de Vries, F.W.T., and R. Rabbinge. 1995. Model in research and education, planning and practice. P. 1‐18. In: A.J. Haverkort and D.K.L. MacKerron (eds.) Potato ecology and modelling of crops under conditions limiting growth. Current Issues in Production Ecology, Vol.3. Kluwer, Dordrecht. Peters, J.B., and E.E. Schulte. 1996. Using plant analysis to guide research and extension programs in The Gambia. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 27(5‐8):1311‐1329. Pillai, K.G. Rice. 1992. In: A. Finck (ed.) World Fertilizer Use Manual. Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil. Christian‐Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany. http://WWW.fertilizer.org/ifa/publicat/html/pubman/ rice.htm Ponnamperuma, F.N. 1984. Straw as source of nutrients for wetland rice. Organic matter and rice. IRRI publication, Manila, Philipines. Prasertsak, A., and S. Fukai. 1997. Nitrogen availability and water‐stress interaction on rice growth and yield. Field Crops Res. 52:249‐260. Pretty, J.N., J. Thompson, and F. Hinchcliffe. 1997. Sustainable agriculture: Impacts on food production and challenges for food security. International Institute for Environment and Development Gatekeeper series No. SA60. Proceedings of an International Conference on Assessment of the System of
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indeb
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: RICE
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3.3.2. Effect of Seedling Age at Tr
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Table 10. Grain Yield from Low‐In
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Table 28. Soil Sample Analysis at T
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Table 46. Yield Parameter SRI Ferti
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Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
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context of food security. As there
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management of soil nutrients and so
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enough fertilizer was available to
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the importation of agricultural inp
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12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 4
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The reason for the decline in The G
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2.1. Introduction CHAPTER TWO: LOW
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tend to produce moderately higher y
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available nitrogen and phosphorus r
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Table 3. Soil Test Data from Upland
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flood/drought cycle, which is provi
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educed transpiration due to soil wa
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management practices (dry land/irri
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Sta Cruz et al. (1994) identified d
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2.1.6. Nutrient Dynamics in Tropica
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efficiency (Cassman and Harwood, 19
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(1) Higher mineralization rate in t
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Translocation of N from the vegetat
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NUEp = TDM / NPLANT (3) From equati
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4) The NuMaSS can be used to predic
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1. Zero application (Control) 2. Lo
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are averages of duplicated assays a
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show any significant differences be
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Table 8. Low‐Input Upland Rice Tr
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stress conditions that prevailed du
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Fertilizer Level Variety Grain Yiel
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Harvest Index Harvest Index 0.6 0.5
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Tissue N (%) Tissue N (%) Tissue N
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According to Fukai et al. (1999) hi
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NUE(grain) g per g (N) NUE(grain) g
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Necessary inputs for the nitrogen m
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Determining Crop N: The first step
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Hierarchy for NSoil: 1. You will en
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e able to access a value from the d
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Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
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season, but in the event that major
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In many cases, results did not meet
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1995 worked with Malagasy farmers a
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3.1.3. Water Management Water contr
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diffusion from the soil‐water int
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and rewetting of soils as practiced
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2. SRI will increase rice yields be
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Three sets of rice nurseries were p
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Two rice varieties, IET 3137 and IT
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tillering variety, with plant heigh
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Gambia prefer bigger seedlings beca
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Figure 12. Number of New Roots Re
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Seedling Age 5‐Days 5‐Days 10
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Table 14. SRI vs. Conventional Prac
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The difference in 1000‐grain weig
Page 121 and 122: Variety Inter Space (cm) ITA 306 IE
Page 123 and 124: 104 SRI management practice using 3
Page 125 and 126: fertilizer, but no better panicle f
Page 127 and 128: increase in fertilizer application.
Page 129 and 130: transplanting urea fertilizer was a
Page 131 and 132: 112 Applying just compost alone gav
Page 133 and 134: submerging the 7‐day old seedling
Page 135 and 136: 116 An increase in SRI yields in su
Page 137 and 138: 4.1. General conclusions CHAPTER FO
Page 139 and 140: practices are 2 to 3 times higher t
Page 141 and 142: application. This study has proven
Page 143 and 144: APPENDIX 1: FIELD LAYOUT V. High‐
Page 145 and 146: Table 26. Soil Sample Analysis at H
Page 147 and 148: Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 APPENDIX 3
Page 149 and 150: Table 32. Low‐Input Upland Rice T
Page 151 and 152: Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 Table 34.
Page 153 and 154: Table 36. Nitrogen‐Use Efficiency
Page 155 and 156: Table 38. SRI vs Conventional Pract
Page 157 and 158: Table 40. Grain Yield from SRI Prac
Page 159 and 160: Fertilizer Level Table 42. SRI Fert
Page 161 and 162: Table 44. SRI Fertilizer Management
Page 163 and 164: Table 46. Yield Parameters SRI Fert
Page 165 and 166: Cabrera, M.L. 1993. Modeling the fl
Page 167 and 168: 148 Dunsmore, J.R., A.B. Rains, G.D
Page 169 and 170: 150 Hassink, J., Lebbink, G. and Va
Page 171: 152 management in agricultural syst
Page 175 and 176: 156 emission from rice fields: The
Page 177 and 178: 158 on ammonia volatilization losse
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