Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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149 Garrity, D.P. 1984. Asian upland rice environments: An overview of upland rice research. P.161‐183. In Proceedings of the 1982 Bouake, Ivory Coast Upland Rice Workshop. IRRI Publication, Manila, Philippines. Gijsman, A.J., Oberson, A., Friesen, D.K., Sanz, J.I. and Thomas, R.J. 1997. Nutrient cycling through microbial biomass under rice‐pasture rotations replacing native savanna. Soil Biology & Biochemistry. 29:1433‐1441. Gladwin, C.H., A.M. Thomsom, J.S. Peterson and A.S. Anderson. 2001. Addressing food security in Africa via multiple livelihood strategies of women farmers. Food Policy J. 26(2):177‐207. Goh, K.M., and R.J. Haynes. 1986. In: T.T. Kozlowski (ed) Mineral nitrogen in the plant‐soil system. p.379‐442. Physiological ecology series. Academic Press Inc. NY. Graham, R.D., and R.M. Welch, 1996. Breeding for stable crops with high micronutrient density. Working papers on agricultural strategies for micronutrients No. 3. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, p.79. Greenland, D.J. 1997. The sustainability of rice farming. CAB Int., NY. Greenway, H. and B. Klepper. 1969. Relation between anion transport and water flow in tomato plants. Physiology of Plants J. 22:208‐219. Gregory, P.J. 1989. The role of root characteristics in moderating the effects of drought. P. 141‐150. In F.W.G. Baker (ed.) Drought resistance in Cereals. CAB Int., NY. Guerra L.C., S.I. Bhuiyan, T.P. Tuong, and R. Barker. 1998. Producing more rice with less water from irrigated systems. IRRI, System‐Wide Initiative on Water Management. Manila, Philippines. Gutierrez, J.R., and W.G. Whitford. 1987. Chihuahuan desert annuals: importance of water and nitrogen. Ecology J. 68(6):2032‐2045.
150 Hassink, J., Lebbink, G. and Van Veen, J.A. 1991. Microbial biomass and activity of a reclaimed‐polder Soil under a Conventional or a Reduced‐ Input Farming System. Soil Biology & Biochemistry. 23:207‐513. Hoogerbrugge, I.D., and L.O. Fresco. 1993. Homegarden systems: agricultural characteristics and challenges. International Institute for environment and development Gatekeeper series. No. SA39. Hubbell, D.H. 1995. Extension of symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation technology in developing countries. Fert. Res. 42:231‐239. Ichwantori et al., Growth response of rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Japanese Journal of Crop Science, 58(4):740‐747. Ingram, K.T., F.D. Bueno, O.S. Namuco, E.B. Yambao, C.A. Beyrouty. 1994. Rice root traits for drought resistance and their genetic variation. p. 67‐ 77. In: G.J.D. Kirk (ed.) Rice Roots: Nutrient and water use. Selected paper from the Internationaln Rice Research Conference. IRRI Publication, Manila, Philippines. Inthapan, P., Fukai, S. 1988. Growth and yield of rice cultivars under sprinkler irrigation in South‐Eastern Queensland. 2. Comparison with maize and grain sorghum under wet and dry conditions. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 28:243‐248. Inthapanya, P. Sipaseuth, P. Sihavong, V. Sihathep, M. Chanphengsay, S. Fukai, and J. Basnayake. 2000. Genotype differences in nutrient uptake and utilisation for grain yield production of rainfed lowland rice under fertilised and non‐fertilized conditions. Field Crops Research. 65:57‐68. Inubushi, K., and H. Wada. 1987. Easily decomposable organic matter in paddy soils: VII. Effect of various pretreatments on N mineralization in submerged soils. Soil Science & Plant Nutrition. Tokyo 33:567‐576. IRRI Standard evaluation system. 1996. IRRI Publication, Manila, Philippines. Kaimowitz, D. and, A. Angelsen. 1998. Economic model of tropical
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indeb
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: RICE
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3.3.2. Effect of Seedling Age at Tr
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Table 10. Grain Yield from Low‐In
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Table 28. Soil Sample Analysis at T
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Table 46. Yield Parameter SRI Ferti
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Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
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context of food security. As there
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management of soil nutrients and so
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enough fertilizer was available to
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the importation of agricultural inp
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12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 4
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The reason for the decline in The G
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2.1. Introduction CHAPTER TWO: LOW
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tend to produce moderately higher y
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available nitrogen and phosphorus r
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Table 3. Soil Test Data from Upland
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flood/drought cycle, which is provi
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educed transpiration due to soil wa
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management practices (dry land/irri
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Sta Cruz et al. (1994) identified d
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2.1.6. Nutrient Dynamics in Tropica
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efficiency (Cassman and Harwood, 19
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(1) Higher mineralization rate in t
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Translocation of N from the vegetat
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NUEp = TDM / NPLANT (3) From equati
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4) The NuMaSS can be used to predic
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1. Zero application (Control) 2. Lo
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are averages of duplicated assays a
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show any significant differences be
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Table 8. Low‐Input Upland Rice Tr
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stress conditions that prevailed du
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Fertilizer Level Variety Grain Yiel
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Harvest Index Harvest Index 0.6 0.5
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Tissue N (%) Tissue N (%) Tissue N
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According to Fukai et al. (1999) hi
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NUE(grain) g per g (N) NUE(grain) g
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Necessary inputs for the nitrogen m
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Determining Crop N: The first step
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Hierarchy for NSoil: 1. You will en
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e able to access a value from the d
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Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
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season, but in the event that major
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In many cases, results did not meet
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1995 worked with Malagasy farmers a
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3.1.3. Water Management Water contr
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diffusion from the soil‐water int
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and rewetting of soils as practiced
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2. SRI will increase rice yields be
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Three sets of rice nurseries were p
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Two rice varieties, IET 3137 and IT
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tillering variety, with plant heigh
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Gambia prefer bigger seedlings beca
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Figure 12. Number of New Roots Re
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Seedling Age 5‐Days 5‐Days 10
Page 117 and 118: Table 14. SRI vs. Conventional Prac
Page 119 and 120: The difference in 1000‐grain weig
Page 121 and 122: Variety Inter Space (cm) ITA 306 IE
Page 123 and 124: 104 SRI management practice using 3
Page 125 and 126: fertilizer, but no better panicle f
Page 127 and 128: increase in fertilizer application.
Page 129 and 130: transplanting urea fertilizer was a
Page 131 and 132: 112 Applying just compost alone gav
Page 133 and 134: submerging the 7‐day old seedling
Page 135 and 136: 116 An increase in SRI yields in su
Page 137 and 138: 4.1. General conclusions CHAPTER FO
Page 139 and 140: practices are 2 to 3 times higher t
Page 141 and 142: application. This study has proven
Page 143 and 144: APPENDIX 1: FIELD LAYOUT V. High‐
Page 145 and 146: Table 26. Soil Sample Analysis at H
Page 147 and 148: Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 APPENDIX 3
Page 149 and 150: Table 32. Low‐Input Upland Rice T
Page 151 and 152: Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 Table 34.
Page 153 and 154: Table 36. Nitrogen‐Use Efficiency
Page 155 and 156: Table 38. SRI vs Conventional Pract
Page 157 and 158: Table 40. Grain Yield from SRI Prac
Page 159 and 160: Fertilizer Level Table 42. SRI Fert
Page 161 and 162: Table 44. SRI Fertilizer Management
Page 163 and 164: Table 46. Yield Parameters SRI Fert
Page 165 and 166: Cabrera, M.L. 1993. Modeling the fl
Page 167: 148 Dunsmore, J.R., A.B. Rains, G.D
Page 171 and 172: 152 management in agricultural syst
Page 173 and 174: 154 Root traits to increase drought
Page 175 and 176: 156 emission from rice fields: The
Page 177 and 178: 158 on ammonia volatilization losse
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