Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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potential areas, especially the alluvial lowlands along the River Gambia and the inland valley swamps. Additional gains may be achieved through investments in low-cost systems water control. Optimistic estimates for the next 10 years predict that demand for rice will be nearly balanced with the introduction of newly tested management practices. 13
2.1. Introduction CHAPTER TWO: LOW‐INPUT UPLAND RICE PRODUCTION SYSTEM In The Gambia, the upland rice ecosystem is defined as having free‐ draining soils where the water table is permanently below the roots of the plant so that the crop depends entirely on rainfall. This is in agreement with the IRRI’s Standard Evaluation System for rice which defines upland as level to steeply sloping fields; rarely flooded, aerobic soil; rice direct seeded on plowed dry soil or dibbled in wet non‐puddled soil (IRRI, 1996). In The Gambia upland rice growing environment, drought and a short growing season together with low soil fertility and rice blast disease are the major constraints to productivity. Upland rainfed systems are associated with higher production risk factors due to the unpredictable nature of rainfall. In 2000 rainfall was 7% above normal, in the following two years it was much below normal (Table 2). This is an example of the unpredictable nature of rainfall that farmers have to endure in The Gambia. This has a great impact on the farmers’ cropping system and production risk factors. Table 2. Rainfall Data at the Low‐Input Trial Site, Brikama, The Gambia Year June July August September October Total 2000 2001 2002 60.1 111.9 37.9 275.3 250.8 66.1 247.5 208.4 204.7 253.6 241.1 226.3 134.2 55.1 56.3 970.7 867.3 591.3 14
Page 1 and 2: MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
Page 3 and 4: MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
Page 5 and 6: BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was
Page 7 and 8: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indeb
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: RICE
Page 11 and 12: 3.3.2. Effect of Seedling Age at Tr
Page 13 and 14: Table 10. Grain Yield from Low‐In
Page 15 and 16: Table 28. Soil Sample Analysis at T
Page 17 and 18: Table 46. Yield Parameter SRI Ferti
Page 19 and 20: Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
Page 21 and 22: context of food security. As there
Page 23 and 24: management of soil nutrients and so
Page 25 and 26: enough fertilizer was available to
Page 27 and 28: the importation of agricultural inp
Page 29 and 30: 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 4
Page 31: The reason for the decline in The G
Page 35 and 36: tend to produce moderately higher y
Page 37 and 38: available nitrogen and phosphorus r
Page 39 and 40: Table 3. Soil Test Data from Upland
Page 41 and 42: flood/drought cycle, which is provi
Page 43 and 44: educed transpiration due to soil wa
Page 45 and 46: management practices (dry land/irri
Page 47 and 48: Sta Cruz et al. (1994) identified d
Page 49 and 50: 2.1.6. Nutrient Dynamics in Tropica
Page 51 and 52: efficiency (Cassman and Harwood, 19
Page 53 and 54: (1) Higher mineralization rate in t
Page 55 and 56: Translocation of N from the vegetat
Page 57 and 58: NUEp = TDM / NPLANT (3) From equati
Page 59 and 60: 4) The NuMaSS can be used to predic
Page 61 and 62: 1. Zero application (Control) 2. Lo
Page 63 and 64: are averages of duplicated assays a
Page 65 and 66: show any significant differences be
Page 67 and 68: Table 8. Low‐Input Upland Rice Tr
Page 69 and 70: stress conditions that prevailed du
Page 71 and 72: Fertilizer Level Variety Grain Yiel
Page 73 and 74: Harvest Index Harvest Index 0.6 0.5
Page 75 and 76: Tissue N (%) Tissue N (%) Tissue N
Page 77 and 78: According to Fukai et al. (1999) hi
Page 79 and 80: NUE(grain) g per g (N) NUE(grain) g
Page 81 and 82: Necessary inputs for the nitrogen m
Page 83 and 84:
Determining Crop N: The first step
Page 85 and 86:
Hierarchy for NSoil: 1. You will en
Page 87 and 88:
e able to access a value from the d
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
Page 91 and 92:
season, but in the event that major
Page 93 and 94:
In many cases, results did not meet
Page 95 and 96:
1995 worked with Malagasy farmers a
Page 97 and 98:
3.1.3. Water Management Water contr
Page 99 and 100:
diffusion from the soil‐water int
Page 101 and 102:
and rewetting of soils as practiced
Page 103 and 104:
2. SRI will increase rice yields be
Page 105 and 106:
Three sets of rice nurseries were p
Page 107 and 108:
Two rice varieties, IET 3137 and IT
Page 109 and 110:
tillering variety, with plant heigh
Page 111 and 112:
Gambia prefer bigger seedlings beca
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 12. Number of New Roots Re
Page 115 and 116:
Seedling Age 5‐Days 5‐Days 10
Page 117 and 118:
Table 14. SRI vs. Conventional Prac
Page 119 and 120:
The difference in 1000‐grain weig
Page 121 and 122:
Variety Inter Space (cm) ITA 306 IE
Page 123 and 124:
104 SRI management practice using 3
Page 125 and 126:
fertilizer, but no better panicle f
Page 127 and 128:
increase in fertilizer application.
Page 129 and 130:
transplanting urea fertilizer was a
Page 131 and 132:
112 Applying just compost alone gav
Page 133 and 134:
submerging the 7‐day old seedling
Page 135 and 136:
116 An increase in SRI yields in su
Page 137 and 138:
4.1. General conclusions CHAPTER FO
Page 139 and 140:
practices are 2 to 3 times higher t
Page 141 and 142:
application. This study has proven
Page 143 and 144:
APPENDIX 1: FIELD LAYOUT V. High‐
Page 145 and 146:
Table 26. Soil Sample Analysis at H
Page 147 and 148:
Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 APPENDIX 3
Page 149 and 150:
Table 32. Low‐Input Upland Rice T
Page 151 and 152:
Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 Table 34.
Page 153 and 154:
Table 36. Nitrogen‐Use Efficiency
Page 155 and 156:
Table 38. SRI vs Conventional Pract
Page 157 and 158:
Table 40. Grain Yield from SRI Prac
Page 159 and 160:
Fertilizer Level Table 42. SRI Fert
Page 161 and 162:
Table 44. SRI Fertilizer Management
Page 163 and 164:
Table 46. Yield Parameters SRI Fert
Page 165 and 166:
Cabrera, M.L. 1993. Modeling the fl
Page 167 and 168:
148 Dunsmore, J.R., A.B. Rains, G.D
Page 169 and 170:
150 Hassink, J., Lebbink, G. and Va
Page 171 and 172:
152 management in agricultural syst
Page 173 and 174:
154 Root traits to increase drought
Page 175 and 176:
156 emission from rice fields: The
Page 177 and 178:
158 on ammonia volatilization losse
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Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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