Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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The research objectives are as follows: 1) To assess the productivity of WARDAʹs low‐input upland rice varieties as influenced by different nitrogen levels; 2) To determine if rice cultivars differ in N‐use‐efficiency; 3) To determine if the improved low‐input varieties indeed possess a greater nutrient‐use‐efficiency than conventional varieties; 4) To find out what are the most important operating mechanisms that result in improved nitrogen efficiency; 5) To identify which variety is more stable and higher‐yielding for use in The Gambia under conditions of low fertility and less intensive management practices; 6) To help upland rice breeders focus on the more important physiological and morphological characters affecting nutrient‐use‐efficiency in the Sahel. 7) The results will also be used to calibrate the Nitrogen Module of the Nutrient Management Support Software (NuMaSS) for the Sahel region. The hypotheses are as follows: 1) The yields of the Low‐input varieties will not decrease significantly with decrease in N‐fertilizer input; 2) The Low‐Input varieties will yield higher than the conventional check variety at low‐input N application rates; 3) The Low‐Input varieties have a higher NUE than the conventional check variety; 39
4) The NuMaSS can be used to predict N need for The Gambia. 2.2. Materials and Methods 2.2.1. Trial Location: The Gambia The Gambia is a small country located on the western coast of Africa. It is surrounded on three sides by Senegal and opens to the Atlantic Ocean to the west. It is situated between 13.2 and 13.7 o N latitude. It consists of a 50‐km‐ wide ribbon of land extending eastward 475 km from the Atlantic coast and dissected by the River Gambia. It has an area of 11,700 km 2 . The Gambia lies within the Sahelo‐Sudan climate zone. 40 Upland Trial Site: NARI Research Station, Brikama
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was
Page 7 and 8: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indeb
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: RICE
Page 11 and 12: 3.3.2. Effect of Seedling Age at Tr
Page 13 and 14: Table 10. Grain Yield from Low‐In
Page 15 and 16: Table 28. Soil Sample Analysis at T
Page 17 and 18: Table 46. Yield Parameter SRI Ferti
Page 19 and 20: Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
Page 21 and 22: context of food security. As there
Page 23 and 24: management of soil nutrients and so
Page 25 and 26: enough fertilizer was available to
Page 27 and 28: the importation of agricultural inp
Page 29 and 30: 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 4
Page 31 and 32: The reason for the decline in The G
Page 33 and 34: 2.1. Introduction CHAPTER TWO: LOW
Page 35 and 36: tend to produce moderately higher y
Page 37 and 38: available nitrogen and phosphorus r
Page 39 and 40: Table 3. Soil Test Data from Upland
Page 41 and 42: flood/drought cycle, which is provi
Page 43 and 44: educed transpiration due to soil wa
Page 45 and 46: management practices (dry land/irri
Page 47 and 48: Sta Cruz et al. (1994) identified d
Page 49 and 50: 2.1.6. Nutrient Dynamics in Tropica
Page 51 and 52: efficiency (Cassman and Harwood, 19
Page 53 and 54: (1) Higher mineralization rate in t
Page 55 and 56: Translocation of N from the vegetat
Page 57: NUEp = TDM / NPLANT (3) From equati
Page 61 and 62: 1. Zero application (Control) 2. Lo
Page 63 and 64: are averages of duplicated assays a
Page 65 and 66: show any significant differences be
Page 67 and 68: Table 8. Low‐Input Upland Rice Tr
Page 69 and 70: stress conditions that prevailed du
Page 71 and 72: Fertilizer Level Variety Grain Yiel
Page 73 and 74: Harvest Index Harvest Index 0.6 0.5
Page 75 and 76: Tissue N (%) Tissue N (%) Tissue N
Page 77 and 78: According to Fukai et al. (1999) hi
Page 79 and 80: NUE(grain) g per g (N) NUE(grain) g
Page 81 and 82: Necessary inputs for the nitrogen m
Page 83 and 84: Determining Crop N: The first step
Page 85 and 86: Hierarchy for NSoil: 1. You will en
Page 87 and 88: e able to access a value from the d
Page 89 and 90: Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
Page 91 and 92: season, but in the event that major
Page 93 and 94: In many cases, results did not meet
Page 95 and 96: 1995 worked with Malagasy farmers a
Page 97 and 98: 3.1.3. Water Management Water contr
Page 99 and 100: diffusion from the soil‐water int
Page 101 and 102: and rewetting of soils as practiced
Page 103 and 104: 2. SRI will increase rice yields be
Page 105 and 106: Three sets of rice nurseries were p
Page 107 and 108: Two rice varieties, IET 3137 and IT
Page 109 and 110:
tillering variety, with plant heigh
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Gambia prefer bigger seedlings beca
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Figure 12. Number of New Roots Re
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Seedling Age 5‐Days 5‐Days 10
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Table 14. SRI vs. Conventional Prac
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The difference in 1000‐grain weig
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Variety Inter Space (cm) ITA 306 IE
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104 SRI management practice using 3
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fertilizer, but no better panicle f
Page 127 and 128:
increase in fertilizer application.
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transplanting urea fertilizer was a
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112 Applying just compost alone gav
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submerging the 7‐day old seedling
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116 An increase in SRI yields in su
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4.1. General conclusions CHAPTER FO
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practices are 2 to 3 times higher t
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application. This study has proven
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APPENDIX 1: FIELD LAYOUT V. High‐
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Table 26. Soil Sample Analysis at H
Page 147 and 148:
Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 APPENDIX 3
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Table 32. Low‐Input Upland Rice T
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Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 Table 34.
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Table 36. Nitrogen‐Use Efficiency
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Table 38. SRI vs Conventional Pract
Page 157 and 158:
Table 40. Grain Yield from SRI Prac
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Fertilizer Level Table 42. SRI Fert
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Table 44. SRI Fertilizer Management
Page 163 and 164:
Table 46. Yield Parameters SRI Fert
Page 165 and 166:
Cabrera, M.L. 1993. Modeling the fl
Page 167 and 168:
148 Dunsmore, J.R., A.B. Rains, G.D
Page 169 and 170:
150 Hassink, J., Lebbink, G. and Va
Page 171 and 172:
152 management in agricultural syst
Page 173 and 174:
154 Root traits to increase drought
Page 175 and 176:
156 emission from rice fields: The
Page 177 and 178:
158 on ammonia volatilization losse
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Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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