Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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for grain production after panicle initiation. The level of N in plant tissue at maximum tillering stage was found to be higher than at harvest. However, in the drought year (2002, with 590 mm rainfall), N‐levels in plant tissue at harvest remain high, as result of which, probably, grain yield was lowered. The results suggest that low‐input varieties have better potential to capture and utilize N. High yield potential in the low‐input varieties is due to increased biomass production rather than HI. The massive biomass produced in the low‐input varieties during the vegetative phase is a huge sink for N. After flowering, translocation of N from the vegetative organs to the grain becomes active. There is also some translocation of carbohydrates from the vegetative plant parts to the grains after flowering, a large portion of which goes into grain. Increased biomass production in low‐input varieties provided them with an ability to outgrow and suppress weed development by shading them. Weed infestation was less than 50% in plots with Low‐Input varieties than in those with the conventional variety. Early canopy closure is also cited in some work as having the potential to reduce NH3 volatilization. The NuMaSS predictions were more realistic in the drier year (590 mm) than when it was wetter (970 mm) probably because of N loss by leaching during the wetter year. The NuMaSS default NUE of 50% may be too high during the wetter year as a result of higher leaching and run‐off than normal years, but it was more appropriate for the drier years. In the normal year, NUE was about 35%. Given these efficiencies for different rainfalls, split application of N is highly recommended. A low‐input level of fertilizer application (40‐40‐40 kg/ha NPK) may be budgeted for at the beginning of the 71
season, but in the event that major leaching occurs, late season application of N at a rate of 40 kg/ha (in 2 splits) is recommended. The high level of heterosis present in the low‐input varieties causes them to produce massive biomass during the vegetative growth stage. Although this is not usually efficient in terms of nitrogen use efficiency, but these varieties have the potential to translocate carbohydrate from the vegetative biomass for grain production. This is very efficient in terms of nutrient‐use, future breeding efforts should consider possibilities of incorporating this phenomenon in newer upland varieties. 72
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indeb
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: RICE
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3.3.2. Effect of Seedling Age at Tr
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Table 10. Grain Yield from Low‐In
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Table 28. Soil Sample Analysis at T
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Table 46. Yield Parameter SRI Ferti
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Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
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context of food security. As there
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management of soil nutrients and so
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enough fertilizer was available to
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the importation of agricultural inp
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12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 4
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The reason for the decline in The G
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2.1. Introduction CHAPTER TWO: LOW
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tend to produce moderately higher y
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available nitrogen and phosphorus r
Page 39 and 40: Table 3. Soil Test Data from Upland
Page 41 and 42: flood/drought cycle, which is provi
Page 43 and 44: educed transpiration due to soil wa
Page 45 and 46: management practices (dry land/irri
Page 47 and 48: Sta Cruz et al. (1994) identified d
Page 49 and 50: 2.1.6. Nutrient Dynamics in Tropica
Page 51 and 52: efficiency (Cassman and Harwood, 19
Page 53 and 54: (1) Higher mineralization rate in t
Page 55 and 56: Translocation of N from the vegetat
Page 57 and 58: NUEp = TDM / NPLANT (3) From equati
Page 59 and 60: 4) The NuMaSS can be used to predic
Page 61 and 62: 1. Zero application (Control) 2. Lo
Page 63 and 64: are averages of duplicated assays a
Page 65 and 66: show any significant differences be
Page 67 and 68: Table 8. Low‐Input Upland Rice Tr
Page 69 and 70: stress conditions that prevailed du
Page 71 and 72: Fertilizer Level Variety Grain Yiel
Page 73 and 74: Harvest Index Harvest Index 0.6 0.5
Page 75 and 76: Tissue N (%) Tissue N (%) Tissue N
Page 77 and 78: According to Fukai et al. (1999) hi
Page 79 and 80: NUE(grain) g per g (N) NUE(grain) g
Page 81 and 82: Necessary inputs for the nitrogen m
Page 83 and 84: Determining Crop N: The first step
Page 85 and 86: Hierarchy for NSoil: 1. You will en
Page 87 and 88: e able to access a value from the d
Page 89: Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
Page 93 and 94: In many cases, results did not meet
Page 95 and 96: 1995 worked with Malagasy farmers a
Page 97 and 98: 3.1.3. Water Management Water contr
Page 99 and 100: diffusion from the soil‐water int
Page 101 and 102: and rewetting of soils as practiced
Page 103 and 104: 2. SRI will increase rice yields be
Page 105 and 106: Three sets of rice nurseries were p
Page 107 and 108: Two rice varieties, IET 3137 and IT
Page 109 and 110: tillering variety, with plant heigh
Page 111 and 112: Gambia prefer bigger seedlings beca
Page 113 and 114: Figure 12. Number of New Roots Re
Page 115 and 116: Seedling Age 5‐Days 5‐Days 10
Page 117 and 118: Table 14. SRI vs. Conventional Prac
Page 119 and 120: The difference in 1000‐grain weig
Page 121 and 122: Variety Inter Space (cm) ITA 306 IE
Page 123 and 124: 104 SRI management practice using 3
Page 125 and 126: fertilizer, but no better panicle f
Page 127 and 128: increase in fertilizer application.
Page 129 and 130: transplanting urea fertilizer was a
Page 131 and 132: 112 Applying just compost alone gav
Page 133 and 134: submerging the 7‐day old seedling
Page 135 and 136: 116 An increase in SRI yields in su
Page 137 and 138: 4.1. General conclusions CHAPTER FO
Page 139 and 140: practices are 2 to 3 times higher t
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application. This study has proven
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APPENDIX 1: FIELD LAYOUT V. High‐
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Table 26. Soil Sample Analysis at H
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Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 APPENDIX 3
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Table 32. Low‐Input Upland Rice T
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Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 Table 34.
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Table 36. Nitrogen‐Use Efficiency
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Table 38. SRI vs Conventional Pract
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Table 40. Grain Yield from SRI Prac
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Fertilizer Level Table 42. SRI Fert
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Table 44. SRI Fertilizer Management
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Table 46. Yield Parameters SRI Fert
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Cabrera, M.L. 1993. Modeling the fl
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148 Dunsmore, J.R., A.B. Rains, G.D
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150 Hassink, J., Lebbink, G. and Va
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152 management in agricultural syst
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154 Root traits to increase drought
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156 emission from rice fields: The
Page 177 and 178:
158 on ammonia volatilization losse
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Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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