Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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111 There was a linear increase in plant height and tiller count with urea application. Panicle count per hill increased with an increase in N fertilizer level, but did not strongly correlate with increase in tiller count. The plants did not produce very much biomass in compost treatments, but visually they were very pleasing to see. They produced an outstanding green color which was noticeable even from a distance. Grain yield was highest for both varieties when 70‐30‐30 kg/ha NPK was applied without compost (Figure 15). ITA 306 yielded 8.1 t/ha and IET 3137 yielded 8.2 t/ha. Grain Yield Kg/Ha 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 d cd cd bc Compost Compost +40N Figure 15. Effect of Compost and Urea Topdressing under SRI Management cd cd Compost + 80N Practice, Sapu, The Gambia, 2002 ab a No compost 70N+30P+30K ITA 306 IET 3137
112 Applying just compost alone gave statistically the same yield as compost with 40 and 80 kg/ha N for both varieties. Doubling of the N application did not significantly increase yields for either variety. Although there was no P and K basal application with compost as a treatment, the results suggested that P and K were probably limiting. The 70‐30‐30 kg/ha NPK gave the highest yield most probably as a result of applied P and K. Compost applied during the cropping requires some time to adequately mineralize and mix in the soil profile. The subsequent crop usually benefits more from compost application than the current one. 3.3.6. On‐Farm SRI Management Trial The Gambia is the first country in Africa after Madagascar to experiment with SRI management practices. Farmers in the vicinity of Sapu station were invited to participate in a field day of the Gambia National Agricultural Research Institute in December 2000. Farmers had first‐hand opportunity to see the results of SRI management practices using the local varieties grown in the area. Farmers expressed interest to try the management practices in their fields. In 2001, an SRI on‐farm trial was designed, and 10 households participated. The major planning constraints were land preparation and water control. Extra time and labor had to be devoted to land preparation; puddling, leveling, bund reconstruction, and cleaning of drainage canals. Second, farmers in The Gambia do not have a well developed culture of water control. Drainage mechanisms are often not utilized. Fields are kept flooded
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indeb
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: RICE
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3.3.2. Effect of Seedling Age at Tr
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Table 10. Grain Yield from Low‐In
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Table 28. Soil Sample Analysis at T
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Table 46. Yield Parameter SRI Ferti
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Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
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context of food security. As there
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management of soil nutrients and so
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enough fertilizer was available to
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the importation of agricultural inp
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12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 4
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The reason for the decline in The G
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2.1. Introduction CHAPTER TWO: LOW
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tend to produce moderately higher y
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available nitrogen and phosphorus r
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Table 3. Soil Test Data from Upland
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flood/drought cycle, which is provi
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educed transpiration due to soil wa
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management practices (dry land/irri
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Sta Cruz et al. (1994) identified d
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2.1.6. Nutrient Dynamics in Tropica
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efficiency (Cassman and Harwood, 19
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(1) Higher mineralization rate in t
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Translocation of N from the vegetat
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NUEp = TDM / NPLANT (3) From equati
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4) The NuMaSS can be used to predic
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1. Zero application (Control) 2. Lo
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are averages of duplicated assays a
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show any significant differences be
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Table 8. Low‐Input Upland Rice Tr
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stress conditions that prevailed du
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Fertilizer Level Variety Grain Yiel
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Harvest Index Harvest Index 0.6 0.5
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Tissue N (%) Tissue N (%) Tissue N
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According to Fukai et al. (1999) hi
Page 79 and 80: NUE(grain) g per g (N) NUE(grain) g
Page 81 and 82: Necessary inputs for the nitrogen m
Page 83 and 84: Determining Crop N: The first step
Page 85 and 86: Hierarchy for NSoil: 1. You will en
Page 87 and 88: e able to access a value from the d
Page 89 and 90: Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
Page 91 and 92: season, but in the event that major
Page 93 and 94: In many cases, results did not meet
Page 95 and 96: 1995 worked with Malagasy farmers a
Page 97 and 98: 3.1.3. Water Management Water contr
Page 99 and 100: diffusion from the soil‐water int
Page 101 and 102: and rewetting of soils as practiced
Page 103 and 104: 2. SRI will increase rice yields be
Page 105 and 106: Three sets of rice nurseries were p
Page 107 and 108: Two rice varieties, IET 3137 and IT
Page 109 and 110: tillering variety, with plant heigh
Page 111 and 112: Gambia prefer bigger seedlings beca
Page 113 and 114: Figure 12. Number of New Roots Re
Page 115 and 116: Seedling Age 5‐Days 5‐Days 10
Page 117 and 118: Table 14. SRI vs. Conventional Prac
Page 119 and 120: The difference in 1000‐grain weig
Page 121 and 122: Variety Inter Space (cm) ITA 306 IE
Page 123 and 124: 104 SRI management practice using 3
Page 125 and 126: fertilizer, but no better panicle f
Page 127 and 128: increase in fertilizer application.
Page 129: transplanting urea fertilizer was a
Page 133 and 134: submerging the 7‐day old seedling
Page 135 and 136: 116 An increase in SRI yields in su
Page 137 and 138: 4.1. General conclusions CHAPTER FO
Page 139 and 140: practices are 2 to 3 times higher t
Page 141 and 142: application. This study has proven
Page 143 and 144: APPENDIX 1: FIELD LAYOUT V. High‐
Page 145 and 146: Table 26. Soil Sample Analysis at H
Page 147 and 148: Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 APPENDIX 3
Page 149 and 150: Table 32. Low‐Input Upland Rice T
Page 151 and 152: Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 Table 34.
Page 153 and 154: Table 36. Nitrogen‐Use Efficiency
Page 155 and 156: Table 38. SRI vs Conventional Pract
Page 157 and 158: Table 40. Grain Yield from SRI Prac
Page 159 and 160: Fertilizer Level Table 42. SRI Fert
Page 161 and 162: Table 44. SRI Fertilizer Management
Page 163 and 164: Table 46. Yield Parameters SRI Fert
Page 165 and 166: Cabrera, M.L. 1993. Modeling the fl
Page 167 and 168: 148 Dunsmore, J.R., A.B. Rains, G.D
Page 169 and 170: 150 Hassink, J., Lebbink, G. and Va
Page 171 and 172: 152 management in agricultural syst
Page 173 and 174: 154 Root traits to increase drought
Page 175 and 176: 156 emission from rice fields: The
Page 177 and 178: 158 on ammonia volatilization losse
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