Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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At low fertility levels such as at Zero and Low‐input application rates there was stunted growth and wilting as well as high incidence of crop loss due to termite attack. The plants growing under high and very high application rates were significant more tolerant to wilting and termite attack. Spikelet fertility (Table 9) was low at zero fertilizer application for all the varieties with the exception of cv WAB 56‐125. The local check Peking was the most affected at zero and low fertilizer application rates. Spikelet fertility was low at very high fertilizer application rate due to blast infestation. Stover weight at zero application, low‐input, and high‐input level were not significantly different for all varieties. At very high input though, there was a significant difference. Yields were highest for all varieties at high application rate. WAB 56‐125 gave 2.9 t/ha, which is relatively the highest yield at the different application rates. Yields were low at the zero and low‐input levels because of poor plant stand due to termite attack. At low N application, seedling vigor was poor, and the weak stems were highly susceptible to termite infestation and damage. Precipitation was unevenly distributed during the growing season. Seventy‐five percent of the rains fell during the last decade in August and the first and second decades of September. Severe drought was experienced between emergence and panicle initiation. Development of the panicle is very sensitive to soil water availability, and the rate of development is reduced with a small water deficit and ceases completely with the development of severe drought. Weed infestation was relatively lower in 2002 than in previous years. It is apparent from the results that the low‐input varieties did much better at the high fertilizer application rate of 80‐40‐40 kg/ha NPK. Under the drought 49
stress conditions that prevailed during the growing seasons, nitrogen was a limiting factor at zero and at low‐input (40‐40‐40 kg/ha NPK) application rates. Table 9. Yield Parameters from Low‐Input Upland Rice Trial, Grain Yield and Yield Parameters, Brikama, The Gambia, 2002 Fertilizer Level Variety Spikelet Fertil. % Zero Application 0‐0‐0 Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 High‐Input 80‐40‐40 Very High Input 160‐80‐80 Lsd.05 Cv(%) PFert PVariety PFert*Variety WAB56‐50 WAB56‐125 WAB377‐B Peking WAB56‐50 WAB56‐125 WAB377‐B Peking WAB56‐50 WAB56‐125 WAB377‐B Peking WAB56‐50 WAB56‐125 WAB377‐B Peking 50.5 72.5 56.6 49.7 70.1 69.1 69.6 64.9 66.6 75.8 75.0 71.0 53.7 67.3 66.4 60.0 17.7 16.1 0.0005 0.1539 0.0037 Stover Wt T/Ha 1.5 2.1 2.1 1.4 2.9 2.1 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.6 2.1 2.3 3.4 3.7 3.0 2.7 1.2 32.3 0.0007 ns 0.0396 Yield T/Ha 1.1 DE 1.1 DE 0.8 E 0.6 E 50 1.0 DE 1.4 CDE 1.0 DE 1.5 BCDE 2.3 ABC 2.9 A 2.5 AB 2.0 ABCD 1.5BCDE 1.6BCDE 1.1DE 1.5BCDE 1.0 44.6
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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MANAGEMENT OF RICE PRODUCTION SYSTE
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indeb
Page 9 and 10:
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: RICE
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3.3.2. Effect of Seedling Age at Tr
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Table 10. Grain Yield from Low‐In
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Table 28. Soil Sample Analysis at T
Page 17 and 18: Table 46. Yield Parameter SRI Ferti
Page 19 and 20: Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
Page 21 and 22: context of food security. As there
Page 23 and 24: management of soil nutrients and so
Page 25 and 26: enough fertilizer was available to
Page 27 and 28: the importation of agricultural inp
Page 29 and 30: 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 4
Page 31 and 32: The reason for the decline in The G
Page 33 and 34: 2.1. Introduction CHAPTER TWO: LOW
Page 35 and 36: tend to produce moderately higher y
Page 37 and 38: available nitrogen and phosphorus r
Page 39 and 40: Table 3. Soil Test Data from Upland
Page 41 and 42: flood/drought cycle, which is provi
Page 43 and 44: educed transpiration due to soil wa
Page 45 and 46: management practices (dry land/irri
Page 47 and 48: Sta Cruz et al. (1994) identified d
Page 49 and 50: 2.1.6. Nutrient Dynamics in Tropica
Page 51 and 52: efficiency (Cassman and Harwood, 19
Page 53 and 54: (1) Higher mineralization rate in t
Page 55 and 56: Translocation of N from the vegetat
Page 57 and 58: NUEp = TDM / NPLANT (3) From equati
Page 59 and 60: 4) The NuMaSS can be used to predic
Page 61 and 62: 1. Zero application (Control) 2. Lo
Page 63 and 64: are averages of duplicated assays a
Page 65 and 66: show any significant differences be
Page 67: Table 8. Low‐Input Upland Rice Tr
Page 71 and 72: Fertilizer Level Variety Grain Yiel
Page 73 and 74: Harvest Index Harvest Index 0.6 0.5
Page 75 and 76: Tissue N (%) Tissue N (%) Tissue N
Page 77 and 78: According to Fukai et al. (1999) hi
Page 79 and 80: NUE(grain) g per g (N) NUE(grain) g
Page 81 and 82: Necessary inputs for the nitrogen m
Page 83 and 84: Determining Crop N: The first step
Page 85 and 86: Hierarchy for NSoil: 1. You will en
Page 87 and 88: e able to access a value from the d
Page 89 and 90: Figure 10. Grain Yield at Different
Page 91 and 92: season, but in the event that major
Page 93 and 94: In many cases, results did not meet
Page 95 and 96: 1995 worked with Malagasy farmers a
Page 97 and 98: 3.1.3. Water Management Water contr
Page 99 and 100: diffusion from the soil‐water int
Page 101 and 102: and rewetting of soils as practiced
Page 103 and 104: 2. SRI will increase rice yields be
Page 105 and 106: Three sets of rice nurseries were p
Page 107 and 108: Two rice varieties, IET 3137 and IT
Page 109 and 110: tillering variety, with plant heigh
Page 111 and 112: Gambia prefer bigger seedlings beca
Page 113 and 114: Figure 12. Number of New Roots Re
Page 115 and 116: Seedling Age 5‐Days 5‐Days 10
Page 117 and 118: Table 14. SRI vs. Conventional Prac
Page 119 and 120:
The difference in 1000‐grain weig
Page 121 and 122:
Variety Inter Space (cm) ITA 306 IE
Page 123 and 124:
104 SRI management practice using 3
Page 125 and 126:
fertilizer, but no better panicle f
Page 127 and 128:
increase in fertilizer application.
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transplanting urea fertilizer was a
Page 131 and 132:
112 Applying just compost alone gav
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submerging the 7‐day old seedling
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116 An increase in SRI yields in su
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4.1. General conclusions CHAPTER FO
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practices are 2 to 3 times higher t
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application. This study has proven
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APPENDIX 1: FIELD LAYOUT V. High‐
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Table 26. Soil Sample Analysis at H
Page 147 and 148:
Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 APPENDIX 3
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Table 32. Low‐Input Upland Rice T
Page 151 and 152:
Low‐Input 40‐40‐40 Table 34.
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Table 36. Nitrogen‐Use Efficiency
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Table 38. SRI vs Conventional Pract
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Table 40. Grain Yield from SRI Prac
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Fertilizer Level Table 42. SRI Fert
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Table 44. SRI Fertilizer Management
Page 163 and 164:
Table 46. Yield Parameters SRI Fert
Page 165 and 166:
Cabrera, M.L. 1993. Modeling the fl
Page 167 and 168:
148 Dunsmore, J.R., A.B. Rains, G.D
Page 169 and 170:
150 Hassink, J., Lebbink, G. and Va
Page 171 and 172:
152 management in agricultural syst
Page 173 and 174:
154 Root traits to increase drought
Page 175 and 176:
156 emission from rice fields: The
Page 177 and 178:
158 on ammonia volatilization losse
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Management of rice production systems to increase productivity

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