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anomic developments and, secondly, structural deficits of social disorganisation. This
includes for instance the low intensity of social networks and the lack of participation
and/or lack of controlling impulses governing the activities of groups of young persons.
Eisner (1997) augmented previous models to form a process-related model: urban areas
which are considered to be unsafe by local inhabitants – and these particularly include rundown,
amorphous or inhospitable spaces – trigger off the phenomenon of retreat which in
turn leads to selective segregation and social control primarily oriented towards selfinterests
on the part of the individual remaining groups. Segregation therefore manifests
itself as both the development and consolidation of social inequality (Dangschat 2000).
Coherence of urban segregation types and integration or disintegration
impulses
There follows an examination of the diverse segregation types existing in urban centres in
Germany and what impulses these types have on the integration process of immigrant
families and their children.
As a rule, there are eight types of segregation areas (cf. Kilb 1998) found within densely
populated areas which differ according to specific infrastructural, architectural and/or
economic-historical features:
a) residential areas in city and peripheral city areas with imminent or anticipated
changes in utilisation (characteristics: high noise and environmental pollution, high
proportion of immigrants, transitional habitation and confrontation between
accumulation of consumption and poverty);
b) Sub-central core areas with less pronounced but comparable structures as in a);
c) Districts adjacent to traffic hubs and major traffic routes (high noise, dirt and
environmental pollution; concentration of immigrants and transitional habitation
areas)
d) Traditional industrial and working-class residential areas (the link of common
workplaces is constantly weakening);
e) Large-scale council house estates from the 1920s, 1950s und 1960s;
f) Satellite town areas/large-scale estates from the 60s und 70s (residential
segregation);
g) Solitary high-rise buildings and mass housing concentrated at specific points
(hostels, homeless shelters, accommodation for re-settlers and asylum seekers);
h) Traditional segregated housing (housing for the homeless and itinerants, caravan
parks, trailer and container parks).
Segregation types and their effects on inhabitants
These eight types of segregation areas can in turn be assigned to one of four different
“effect types” on the strength of the relevant form of transfer effects between social
inequality and integrative/disintegrative impulses:
Social areas as intensifiers of separation:
These are self-contained ghetto-like areas which tend to intensify their already negative
position as a result of external stigmatisation, but can simultaneously develop a “curtain
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