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emmanuel reynaud holy virility the social construction of masculinity

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mind make up a single indissociable entity― he tries instead to<br />

compensate mentally for what he refuses physically. He does<br />

not allow himself to be led by feelings which rise in him: he<br />

controls and channels <strong>the</strong>m to prevent <strong>the</strong>m from spreading and<br />

causing him to lose control <strong>of</strong> himself and <strong>the</strong> situation. He<br />

represses <strong>the</strong>m so much that when he can no longer hold <strong>the</strong>m<br />

in he <strong>of</strong>ten becomes violent. His pleasure can <strong>the</strong>n take a<br />

murderous form.<br />

Trapped between his fear <strong>of</strong> letting himself go and his use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

penis as a means <strong>of</strong> appropriation, man does not see that<br />

sexuality could be something o<strong>the</strong>r than a struggle for power or<br />

a means <strong>of</strong> comparison. His general attitude has little to do with<br />

love or pleasure, but much more with hatred, disgust and<br />

jealousy. And its nature is well illustrated in one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most<br />

democratically shared sentiments among men: <strong>the</strong> fear <strong>of</strong><br />

homosexuality.<br />

Fearful homosexuality<br />

Homosexuality is repressed almost everywhere in <strong>the</strong> West<br />

since it is considered 'unnatural'. But <strong>the</strong> concept <strong>of</strong> nature is an<br />

ideological one. And, in any case, if it is <strong>the</strong> 'natural' one wants,<br />

homosexuality is a natural form <strong>of</strong> contraception.<br />

Homosexuality is a form <strong>of</strong> sexuality without <strong>the</strong> slightest<br />

excuse <strong>of</strong> reproduction, and its systematic repression has<br />

always gone hand in hand with o<strong>the</strong>r kinds <strong>of</strong> sexual repression<br />

imposed by Christianity. Thus, in everyday language, sexuality<br />

usually means heterosexuality (signifying whatever one<br />

chooses: insemination, ejaculation or struggle) and fear <strong>of</strong><br />

homosexuality can be translated as fear <strong>of</strong> sexuality. Indeed,<br />

why should a man feel repulsion for a penis when a woman is<br />

not supposed to; why should a woman find a vulva repugnant<br />

when a man claims to find it desirable? Ιn fact, <strong>the</strong> logic <strong>of</strong><br />

Christian sexual repression is elsewhere: it requires everybody<br />

to be revolted by sex organs― <strong>the</strong>ir own as much as o<strong>the</strong>r<br />

people’s. The repulsion is <strong>the</strong>n exorcised in <strong>the</strong> institution <strong>of</strong><br />

heterosexuality. However, although it is repressed, it is still<br />

always present, and reappears at <strong>the</strong> slightest opportunity in<br />

different guises: sexual crime, dirty jokes, ascetism, petty<br />

everyday sadism ― and, also, in repulsion when confronted<br />

with <strong>the</strong> unexorcised image <strong>of</strong> one's own sex organ reflected in<br />

ano<strong>the</strong>r person.<br />

[54 / Holy <strong>virility</strong>]<br />

But <strong>the</strong> fear <strong>of</strong> homosexuality in man, even if it <strong>of</strong>ten breaks<br />

through in <strong>the</strong>se ways, does not stop <strong>the</strong>re. If it were only a

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