The Palestinian Economy. Theoretical and Practical Challenges

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Proceedings “The Palestinian Economy: Theoretical and Practical Challenges” 417 Industry group Agriculture -2.598 .023 .074 12725.957 .000 Manufacturing -1.228 .019 .293 4114.233 .000 Construction -.393 .015 .675 645.741 .000 Commerce-hotels and restaurant -2.652 .024 .071 12043.638 .000 Transport, storage and communication -2.334 .038 .097 3811.468 .000 services 0(b) . . . . a. The reference category is: Full Employment. b. This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant. 6. Summary and policy implication The results are broadly consistent with human capital arguments. Increased education implies increased chances of full-time employment, while having a low level of education is associated with increased odds of not being employed, rather than being part-time. Similarly, the association between age and full-time employment mirrors an age-earnings profile with the likelihood of full-time employment peaking at about the age at which earnings are at their maximum. In terms of family variables, there are significant variations by marital status, with singles being significantly less likely than married or divorced to be in full-time employment. Geographical factors have great influence on employment hardships. Living in the West Bank or in urban areas increases the chances of full-time employment. Our findings seem to corroborate the apparently more precarious position of rural individuals in terms of labour market instability, which should be taken into account when evaluating employment hardship in rural areas. Policy implication of the strong link between education and better chances of being fully employed is that the policy makers should concentrate on increasing education levels especially to females. This will increase female labour force participation rates and their employment stability. The main conclusion of this paper may prove useful to the policy makers in designing labour market policies, initiatives and programs appropriate for improving the status of marginalised groups. This valid mainly for job creation programs, on the job training, that should give priority to females, young, uneducated people, those living in rural areas since they suffer employment hardship reflecting social stratification of people and places.
418 Makhool References Al-Qudsi, S., Shaban, R., (1996). The Returns to Schooling in the Occupied Territories: Revisited. Paper presented at the Economic Research Forum conference on Labour Markets and Human Resources Development. Kuwait, 16-18 Sept. Haynes, M., Western, M., Spallek, M., (2005). Methods for Categorical Longitudinal Survey Data: Understanding Employment Status of Australian Women. The University of Queensland. Hsueh, S., Tienda, M., (1994). Race and Labour Force Instability. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meetings of the American Statistical Association, Washington, DC, pp. 95-100. Leppel, Karen, (2005). Labour Force and Labour Force Status: U.S. Women of the College Class of 1957. Demographic Research Institute, Germany. Lichter, D.T., (1989). The Underemployment of American Rural Women: Prevalence, Trends, and Spatial Inequality. Journal of Rural Studies, vol. 5, pp. 199-208. Lichter, D.T., Costanzo, J., (1987). Nonmetropolitan Underemployment and Labour Force Composition. Rural Sociology, 52, pp. 329-344. Long, G., Mohanna, I., (1990). A Study of Women and Work in the Shatti’ Refugee Camp. Arab Thought Forum: Jerusalem. McLaughlin, D.M., Perman, L., (1991). Returns vs. Endowments in the Earnings Attainments Process for Metropolitan and Non-metropolitan Men and Women. Rural Sociology, vol. 56 (3), pp. 339-365. Omar, A. Mohammed, (1999). Level, Differentials and Determinants of Female Labour Force Participation in Sudan. Kurtom University. Shaban, R., (1993). Palestinian Labour Mobility. International Labour Review, vol. 134 (5-6), pp. 655-672. Vera-Toscano, E., Phimister, E., Weersink, A., (2002). The Dynamics of Employment: Labour Force Instability in Rural Canada. Universidad de Alicante, Spain.
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The Palestinian Economy Theoretical
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VOLUME II
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246 Zagha 1. Introduction The local
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248 Zagha and groups in political d
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250 Zagha drawbacks in the politica
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252 Zagha it is not surprising that
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256 Zagha social norms sharply dist
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258 Zagha Bird (1995) puts it, info
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260 Zagha intergovernmental fiscal
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262 Zagha low rate flat tax levied
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266 Zagha Such failures are found i
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268 Zagha 4.1.3. The Relationship b
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270 Zagha a final account report of
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272 Zagha 4.1.6. Functions of LGUs
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274 Zagha • Management of LGU ass
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276 Zagha Figure 2: Local Governmen
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278 Zagha In summary, what the data
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280 Zagha on the cash basis. Almost
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282 Zagha Figure 7: Business Opinio
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284 Zagha within the Palestinian na
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288 Zagha Fiscal decentralisation i
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290 Zagha Burki, J., Perry, G., Dil
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292 Zagha Palestinian Legislative C
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Assessing the Causes of Inequality
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