Jozani biodiversity inventory report 2002 - Coastal Forests of Kenya ...

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tropics depends mainly on the movements of the air masses that cover the globe. The heavy rains from March to May are brought about when the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is to the north of the equator; hence Tanzania receives the convection currents causing rain. The short rains in October are due to the ITCZ moving southwards from the Tropic of Capricorn. There are no rainfall records from Jozani and only recently has a rain gauge been installed at the station, however data recording is still not satisfactory. Rainfall data from Zanzibar is presented showing mean monthly rainfall for a period of 13 years (Figure 1). Zanzibar receives rain almost all year round and no month completely lacks rainfall. East Africa coastal islands receive the highest rainfall, with Pemba receiving the highest rain (2000mm/year) while Zanzibar receive on the average 1565mm/year (UNEP, 2001). In Jozani area the locals refer to the heavy rains as "masika" and the short rains as "vuli". Unreliable rainfall between the two main seasons is known as "chororo. Mean monthly rainfall (mm) 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 65 48 139 399 211 72 40 44 52 73 210 165 January February March April May June July August September October November December Month Figure 1: Mean monthly rainfall for Kisauni Airport Zanzibar for a period of 13 years (Source: TANRIC, UDSM) 2.8 Hydrology The Quaternary geomorphology forms part of Zanzibar's corridor aquifer complex. Jozani area is reported to be the lowest in Zanzibar and the water table is generally high, often emerging above the ground surface forming springs and marshes. High water tables are also evident in areas with ground water forest. Some creeks in Charawe, Chwaka and Kichanga extend inland sometimes 8
joining marshes and springs. Apparently there are no rivers in the area, only drainage lines where water flows during rains. The area is generally flat and with only very gentle slopes in some areas. The average water table gradient is 0.004 whereas the annual water table recharge due to two wet seasons range from 1.67m per year in areas with Quaternary rocks to 3.27 to 7.91m per year in Miocene rock areas. Water on the eastern coast shows increased chlorides due to wind blow sea spray and average total dissolved salts (TDS) ranges from 100 to 300mg/l. The water quality of Jozani and Cheju is slightly high with TDS ranging from 100 to 200mg/l. The limestones have little quality influence on water quality. 2.9 Vegetation Biogeographically the flora of Zanzibar belongs to the Zanzibar-Inhambane regional centre of endemism (UNEP, 2001) which extends from Somalia to Mozambique coast. The proposed Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park includes a wide range of discrete mappable vegetation communities with rare and endemic plant species. Ground-water forest occupies the central part enclosed by coral rag forests and bushland. Derived wooded grassland vegetation occurs in Mapopwe and Wangwani. Mangrove formations are well developed in Chwaka Bay to the north, and to a less extent in the southern end of the park. 2.10 Fauna Because of their relatively small size compared to the mainland coastline, generally the number of species is fewer in Zanzibar and Pemba islands than on the mainland. Since their isolation from mainland Tanzania about 10,000 - 15,000 years ago a number of endemic and near endemic species and subspecies have envolved as a result of this geographical isolation. Due to the small size of the islands and habitat loss, large mammal species could not be supported. The largest mammal the Zanzibar leopard (carnivore) weights 50-82 kgs. and the red duiker (herbivore) weigh only 14 kgs. Not many biological studies have been conducted on Zanzibar and Jozani Forest in particular related to identification of species. Most of the medium to large sized animal species have been identified. So far not much has been done on identification of small terrestrial animals including mammals, reptiles and amphibians. There has been some emphasis in studying fisheries resources due to their importance in the Zanzibar economy and livelihood of the people. 9
Page 1 and 2: SERIKALI YA MAPINDUZI ZANZIBAR CARE
Page 3 and 4: 4.1.2 Floristic diversity and speci
Page 5 and 6: Figure 3: Distribution of tree heig
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements We would like to t
Page 10 and 11: Executive Summary A biodiversity in
Page 12 and 13: are reported to occur in Chwaka Bay
Page 14 and 15: Biodiversity hotspots are biologica
Page 16 and 17: establishing a forest reserve. Thes
Page 19: Quaternary rocks have a mixture of
Page 25 and 26: provides human population in villag
Page 27 and 28: 3.1.2 Vegetation data collection Th
Page 29: 3.2.2 Digitization and rectificatio
Page 32: Transect SN Name 3 Bondeni (Evergre
Page 35 and 36: 3.3.2.4 Amphibians Most amphibian s
Page 37 and 38: 4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Vege
Page 39 and 40: VEGETATION CATEGORIES AND MAIN EDAP
Page 41 and 42: Jozani forest is the only large rem
Page 43 and 44: 1994). Ecological indicators are us
Page 45 and 46: conditions. Acrostichum aureum and
Page 47 and 48: Table 5: Summarized tree data for d
Page 49 and 50: ground water forest. It may also me
Page 51 and 52: production of conventional medicine
Page 53 and 54: Botanical name Vernacular name Dise
Page 55 and 56: government of Zanzibar realized tha
Page 57 and 58: Species name Medicinal Firewood Cha
Page 59 and 60: the endangered red colobus monkey.
Page 61 and 62: Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus a
Page 63 and 64: including secondary thicket. The du
Page 65 and 66: habitats. The elephant shrews thoug
Page 67 and 68: Four night drive transects ran from
Page 69 and 70: Table 13: Relative abundance of som
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for limited number of animal groups
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Amphibian catch rate per 100 trap n
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Table 16: Shannon Weaver Diversity
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Animal group Common name Scientific
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2. Feeding migrations: movement awa
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- places of great attraction of lar
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In Chwaka Bay fish production by ar
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In Chwaka Bay some fishers use fish
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is given on Appendix Xa, and the nu
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5.0 EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOUR
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6.0 POTENTIAL THREATS TO BIODIVERSI
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as plague. Rattus rattus have been
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given the large number of visitors
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Group Species Threats Invertebrates
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3. Immediate scientific measures sh
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14. Mangrove formations for instanc
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iodiversity conservation. Emphasis
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REFERENCES Archer, A. L. and Mwinyi
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FAO/Department of Environment Zanzi
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Migdoll, I. (1987) Field Guide to t
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UNEP (2001) Eastern Africa Atlas of
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Appendix I: Plant checklist of Joza
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FAMILY BOTANICAL NAME LOCAL NAME Gr
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FAMILY BOTANICAL NAME LOCAL NAME Gr
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Appendix II: Species abundance in h
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S/N SPECIES NAME SAMPLE TOTAL R.D R
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1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) UALS 1 Achy
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TRANSECT IX: HERBS (0.5m x 2m) S/N
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13 Rhus natalensis 3 3 5.36 5.88 14
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9 Maytenus mossambicensis 1 1 1.89
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UALS 1 Acacia mangium 1 1 1.90 6.67
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Transect Species No. of individuals
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Transect Species No. of individuals
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Appendix IV: Questionnaire Yafuatay
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(v) Taja mimea inayopendwa au inayo
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(ii) Occupation of respondents Farm
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(vi) Vegetation The figure below in
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Local name Scientific name Use Tiss
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Local name English name Use Chura F
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Frequency of mention 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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Knowledge of transmissable disease
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Appendix VI: List of algae and seag
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Reptiles DERMOCHELYIDAE Dermochelys
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MEGADERMATIDAE Cardioderma cor Hear
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Appendix VIII: Results from trappin
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(No capture) Bucket Pitfall Traplin
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Trapping effort (No. of snaps) (No
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Appendix IXa: Brief description of
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BOTHIDAE Colour: eyed side brown, o
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HOLOCENTRIDAE Colour: usually red o
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MULLIDAE Colour: variable, ground c
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Colour: inshore scapionfishes are m
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FAMILY Species Common name CHAETODO
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SERRANIDAE Cromileptes altivelis Ba
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Epamera sidus Trimen ✪✪ Epamera
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Checklist of Dragonflies and Damsel
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SM NF WG GFP GFN THI TOTAL Papilio
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