Jozani biodiversity inventory report 2002 - Coastal Forests of Kenya ...

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herb species. The rest of the habitats showed a relatively high diversity with the highest number (16 species) recorded in the evergreen scrub forest, Gmelina plantation and the Syzigium–Elaeis dominant ground water forest. The low diversity in the herb layer of Callophylum plantation and similar habitats can be explained by lack of enough light at the floor of such vegetation resulting in dominance of shade loving species such as Stenochlaena and Phymatodes as was observed in most habitats with closed canopy. The Albizia dominated forest showed the highest number of species in the shrub layer followed by the scrub forest whereas the lowest number was recorded in the salt marsh swamp grassland and wooded grassland. The habitats with high number of shrubs may indicate a high regeneration process of the forest. The evergreen forest had highest diversity (24 species) of three species (Appendix III) and only tree species in the Casuarina plantation. This may imply that Casuarina equisetifolia has a suppressing effect on other species and is probably affecting the indigenous species. 4.1.3 Indicator species and tools to diagnose ecological condition A forest is sound when it is able to sustain its structure in the face of regular and incidental natural disturbance. The main criterion for forest integrity is the occurrence of all species of organisms and age classes of all organisms in a particular proportion of social organization (Herlocker, 1999). The loss of a particular species is a symptom of poor forest condition. Fluctuating climatic conditions also affect the ecological condition and inflict vegetation changes. Results from this study shows that some species have declined or disappeared through harvesting such as Croton sylvaticus and Burttdavya nyasica. Decline in these species is of great concern for conservation especially of timber trees. Indigenous timber tree species of Milicia excelsa and others have been reported from Jozani Forest, but the majority were not encountered during this study. Callophylum inophyllum was introduced to replenish timber production. The species inventory and population composition are not adequate to evaluate ecological integrity (condition) for planning and management. It is laborious to make exhaustive inventory of species diversity and their relative population composition in order to evaluate ecological integrity for planning and management. For convenience, it is preferable to adopt new approaches, which rapidly assess forest integrity without detailed inventories of all major groups of forest species. However, this is a hypothesized approach to use rapid simple measurement of the appropriate set of indicators resulting in standardized approach techniques (Koop et al., 30
1994). Ecological indicators are useful tools to appraise forest condition. There are three groups of ecological indicators to be considered: i. Structural indicators Natural vegetation is considered structurally stable when it is undisturbed. When a forest is disturbed through activities such as timber harvesting the condition of the forest integrity is also affected (Budowski, 1965). Forest structure indicators, therefore, define the reduced eclogical integrity of the habitat: a) Basal area: The numbers of counted trees and their basal areas are indicated in Table 2. These values are relatively low in Jozani compared to the coastal forests on the mainland for most surveyed habitats except in ground water forest and in forest plantations. For example in the coastal forests on the mainland the average DBH (cm) and basal area (m 2 /ha., in brackets) were 10-20 (0.118), 20-50 (0.528), and >50 (0.728) (Burgess and Clarke, 2001) respectively. b) Tree diameter: The presence of large trees is taken as an indicator of mature forest. In this study trees with a diameter greater than 40cm were considered as relatively large and were recorded in transect 8 (ground water forest: Pandanus-Elaeis dominant), transect 9 (Callophylum plantation), transect 7 (ground water forest: Areca catechu dominant) transect 10 (edge of mangrove vegetation), transect 13 (ground water forest: Syzigium & Eugenia dominant), transect 17 (Gmelina plantation) and in transect 4 (evergreen scrub forest). Transects 11, 12 and 14 each had 1 tree with diameter over 40cm. However, among these trees only a few had diameters greater than 50cm, categorised by Smiet (1989) as big trees. This is relevant for Jozani because the forest has trees with DBH category of > 50 cm hence the concern for conservation and monitoring. c) Tree height: Tree heights were estimated in 5 metre classes and the maximum height class was composed of trees with height greater than 25 m. Tall trees constituted 166 stems (7.6%) out of the sampled 2,170 trees. Most of these trees occurred in transects 9 (40%) and transect 7 (17.5%). d) Forest layers: Young and old secondary forests have a single or double layer, while late successional stages have a more multi-layered structure (Budowski 1965, Jacobs 1988). In Jozani forest examples were sighted at Mapopwe and Unguja Ukuu areas where ruins of past 31
Page 1 and 2: SERIKALI YA MAPINDUZI ZANZIBAR CARE
Page 3 and 4: 4.1.2 Floristic diversity and speci
Page 5 and 6: Figure 3: Distribution of tree heig
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements We would like to t
Page 10 and 11: Executive Summary A biodiversity in
Page 12 and 13: are reported to occur in Chwaka Bay
Page 14 and 15: Biodiversity hotspots are biologica
Page 16 and 17: establishing a forest reserve. Thes
Page 19 and 20: Quaternary rocks have a mixture of
Page 21 and 22: joining marshes and springs. Appare
Page 25 and 26: provides human population in villag
Page 27 and 28: 3.1.2 Vegetation data collection Th
Page 29: 3.2.2 Digitization and rectificatio
Page 32: Transect SN Name 3 Bondeni (Evergre
Page 35 and 36: 3.3.2.4 Amphibians Most amphibian s
Page 37 and 38: 4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Vege
Page 39 and 40: VEGETATION CATEGORIES AND MAIN EDAP
Page 41: Jozani forest is the only large rem
Page 45 and 46: conditions. Acrostichum aureum and
Page 47 and 48: Table 5: Summarized tree data for d
Page 49 and 50: ground water forest. It may also me
Page 51 and 52: production of conventional medicine
Page 53 and 54: Botanical name Vernacular name Dise
Page 55 and 56: government of Zanzibar realized tha
Page 57 and 58: Species name Medicinal Firewood Cha
Page 59 and 60: the endangered red colobus monkey.
Page 61 and 62: Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus a
Page 63 and 64: including secondary thicket. The du
Page 65 and 66: habitats. The elephant shrews thoug
Page 67 and 68: Four night drive transects ran from
Page 69 and 70: Table 13: Relative abundance of som
Page 71 and 72: for limited number of animal groups
Page 73 and 74: Amphibian catch rate per 100 trap n
Page 75 and 76: Table 16: Shannon Weaver Diversity
Page 77 and 78: Animal group Common name Scientific
Page 79 and 80: 2. Feeding migrations: movement awa
Page 81 and 82: - places of great attraction of lar
Page 83 and 84: In Chwaka Bay fish production by ar
Page 85 and 86: In Chwaka Bay some fishers use fish
Page 87 and 88: is given on Appendix Xa, and the nu
Page 89 and 90: 5.0 EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOUR
Page 91 and 92: 6.0 POTENTIAL THREATS TO BIODIVERSI
Page 93 and 94:
as plague. Rattus rattus have been
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given the large number of visitors
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Group Species Threats Invertebrates
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3. Immediate scientific measures sh
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14. Mangrove formations for instanc
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iodiversity conservation. Emphasis
Page 105 and 106:
REFERENCES Archer, A. L. and Mwinyi
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FAO/Department of Environment Zanzi
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Migdoll, I. (1987) Field Guide to t
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UNEP (2001) Eastern Africa Atlas of
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Appendix I: Plant checklist of Joza
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FAMILY BOTANICAL NAME LOCAL NAME Gr
Page 117 and 118:
FAMILY BOTANICAL NAME LOCAL NAME Gr
Page 119 and 120:
Appendix II: Species abundance in h
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S/N SPECIES NAME SAMPLE TOTAL R.D R
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1 2 3 4 INDIVID (%) (%) UALS 1 Achy
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TRANSECT IX: HERBS (0.5m x 2m) S/N
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13 Rhus natalensis 3 3 5.36 5.88 14
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9 Maytenus mossambicensis 1 1 1.89
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UALS 1 Acacia mangium 1 1 1.90 6.67
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Transect Species No. of individuals
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Transect Species No. of individuals
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Appendix IV: Questionnaire Yafuatay
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(v) Taja mimea inayopendwa au inayo
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(ii) Occupation of respondents Farm
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(vi) Vegetation The figure below in
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Local name Scientific name Use Tiss
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Local name English name Use Chura F
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Frequency of mention 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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Knowledge of transmissable disease
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Appendix VI: List of algae and seag
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Reptiles DERMOCHELYIDAE Dermochelys
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MEGADERMATIDAE Cardioderma cor Hear
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Appendix VIII: Results from trappin
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(No capture) Bucket Pitfall Traplin
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Trapping effort (No. of snaps) (No
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Appendix IXa: Brief description of
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BOTHIDAE Colour: eyed side brown, o
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HOLOCENTRIDAE Colour: usually red o
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MULLIDAE Colour: variable, ground c
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Colour: inshore scapionfishes are m
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FAMILY Species Common name CHAETODO
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SERRANIDAE Cromileptes altivelis Ba
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Epamera sidus Trimen ✪✪ Epamera
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Checklist of Dragonflies and Damsel
Page 183 and 184:
SM NF WG GFP GFN THI TOTAL Papilio
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