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Gunung Stong State Park Preliminary Management Plan Traditionally, they function as sacred groves to be revered, wildlife sanctuaries for breeding, and game reserves for royalty. Perhaps the earliest example is in 1122 B.C., and in 252 B.C, when edicts were issued in China and India respectively, for the conservation of forests and of fishes, animals and forests (Ceballos-Lascurain, 1996). However, the first protected area in the concept that we are familiar with, is the Yellowstone National Park, formed in 1872 by President Ulysses G. Grant, followed by the creation of the US National Park Service in 1916 (Ceballos-Lascurain, 1996; MacKinnon et al., 1986). This was followed by Australia (1879), Mexico (1898), Argentina (1903) and Sweden (1909) (Honey, 1999). Since then, fuelled by increasing public concern over the deteriorating global environment and the extinction crisis, creation of protected areas assumed global urgency, and spurred by international conservation agencies (such as UNEP and IUCN), NGOs, and the 1992 Rio Conference on Biological Diversity, states actively formed protected areas. An encouraging sign is that, as at 2003, there were 102,102 protected areas, with a total global area of 18,763,407 sq. km; though there are weaknesses: 58.25% are less than 10 sq km, too small for species viability (Chape et al, 2003). Protected areas are classified by IUCN into several categories as described in Table 1.1. Table 1.1: IUCN Protected Area Categories Category 1a: Strict Nature Reserve Ib: Wilderness Area II: National Park III: Natural Monument IV: Habitat/Species Management Area V: Protected Landscape/ Seascape VI: Managed Resource Protection Area Source: IUCN (1994) Description Area of land and/or sea possessing some outstanding or representative ecosystems, geological or physiological features and/or species, available primarily for scientific research and/or environmental monitoring. Large area of unmodified or slightly modified land and/or sea, retaining its natural character and influence, without permanent or significant habitation, which is protected and managed so as to preserve its natural condition. Natural area of land and/or sea, designated to a) protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for present and future generations, b) exclude exploitation or occupation inimical (harmful) to the purposes of designation of the area, and c) provide a foundation for spiritual, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities, all of which must be environmentally and culturally compatible. Area containing one, or more, specific natural or/cultural feature which is of outstanding or unique value because of its inherent rarity, representative or aesthetic qualities or cultural significance. Area of land and/or sea subject to active intervention for management purposes so as to ensure the maintenance of habitats and/or to meet the requirements of specific species. Area of land, with coast and sea as appropriate, where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant aesthetic, ecological and/or cultural value, and often with high biological diversity. Safeguarding the integrity of this traditional interaction is vital to the protection, maintenance and evolution of such an area. Area containing predominantly unmodified natural systems, managed to ensure long-term protection and maintenance of biological diversity, while providing at the same time a sustainable flow of natural products and services to meet community needs. 2
Gunung Stong State Park Preliminary Management Plan 1.4 The Peninsular Malaysia Context 1.4.1 Brief History of Protected Areas in Peninsular Malaysia Conservation in Peninsular Malaysia is not new, as evidenced by the promulgation in 1902 of the Wild Animals and Birds Protection Enactment, that was used by the Federated Malay States of Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, and Pahang to form wildlife and game reserves, with the first wildlife reserve at Chior, Perak, in 1903. The Unfederated Malay States of Kelantan, Terengganu, and Johor, had their own legislation, but only Johor was active, gazetting 360,000ha as wildlife reserves between the 1933 and 1937. Kelantan and Trengganu, together with the Federated Malay State of Pahang through their own separate state enactments, formed the 434,700 ha Taman Negara (formerly known as the King George V National Park) that straddles the 3 states. Pending independence, it was realised that there was a need for standardisation, and the different state wildlife enactments were then replaced with a uniform legislation, the Wild Animals and Birds Protection Ordinance 1955 that was applicable to all states. In terms of conservation, the period between 1940 and 1960 was generally quiet, as the Second World War, followed by the Malayan Emergency of 1948-1960, necessitated the declaration of forested areas as security areas that were off-limits to the public, much less, for development. Only after this period, was there a concerted effort in conservation, with the Stevens’ report on wildlife conservation (Stevens, 1968), where some areas were suggested to become protected areas. After 1960, there was greater relaxation towards access into forests, with only a few remaining security areas. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, with development assistance from the World Bank, largescale land conversion of natural forests into monoculture plantations of rubber and oilpalm were conducted by private plantation interests and also by FELDA, the Federal Land Development Authority. Increasing concerns over the deteriorating status of the environment led to the formation of the then Division of the Environment through the Environmental Quality Act (1974) and in 1972, the Protection of Wild Life Act was passed by the Federal government and consequently the Department of Wildlife and National Parks was formed. All existing State Ordinances and Enactments pertaining to wildlife protection were repealed and wildlife came under Federal jurisdiction. It was also during this period that a comprehensive protected area plan was included into the Third Malaysia Plan (1976-1980), which recognised the role of Taman Negara, while also proposing the formation of two new national parks and 22 other wildlife reserves (Government of Malaysia, 1976). By the early 1980s, Malaysia’s improved education and standards of living meant that greater numbers of Malaysians had the means to indulge in leisure activities (which includes communing with nature through camping, fishing and trekking) and attained greater awareness of the profound ecological damage caused by Man. This, coupled with the realisation that most of the peninsula’s lowland rainforests have been converted to plantation agriculture, led to greater pressures for the formation of protected areas. In forestry management, the Matang Forest Reserve, established in 1903, was one of the first in the system of forest reserves initially managed by the MUS (Malayan Uniform System), and later, by the SMS (Selective Management System), forms of sustainable harvesting of timber products. The National Forestry Act, 1984 (amended in 1993) recognised the many functions of forests and categorised forest reserves into 10 categories, but within two broad categories of either production or protected forests. The classification is as follows: i. Production Forests under Sustained Yield ii. Soil Protection Forests iii. Soil Reclamation Forests 3
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