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Gunung Stong State Park Preliminary Management Plan the dry season, while 1998 is an El Nino year and the event of trans-boundary haze from open burnings in a neighboring country. According to the DOE, major air pollution sources are from stationary sources like woodbased industries, rubber and palm-oil mills, quarries, cement plants, tobacco kilns, solid waste sites and rice-milling factories, though open burnings by villagers and emissions from transportation are also responsible. 1.5.10 Biodiversity 1.5.10.1 Fauna With some 60% of her land still under forest cover and, more or less, contiguous with the remaining forested areas in the Titiwangsa, Tahan, and Eastern Ranges, it is expected that Kelantan is still relatively rich in wildlife (though apart from the flagship species of tigers, elephants, there is a paucity of information on population, distribution, and range of other fauna). A checklist of mammals occurring in the State of Kelantan, totalling 57 species, was compiled by Pue & Latiff (2005) but this checklist is in need of an update in the light of new information from more recent surveys (Shaharuddin et al., 2005). Out of the 57 species reported, seven are in the threatened list, namely the Sumatran rhinoceros (Critically Endangered), Malayan tapir (Endangered), Asian elephant (Endangered), Malayan tiger (Endangered), serow (Vulnerable), golden cat (Vulnerable), gaur (Vulnerable) and Asian wild dog (Vulnerable). 1.5.10.2 Flora Out of 746 tree species endemic to Peninsular Malaysia compiled by Ng et al. (1990), about 200 species are found in Kelantan and seven species are “hyper-endemics”, i.e. found only in specific locations in Kelantan and nowhere else. Most of these hyper-endemic species are located in the south of the State. Kelantan hyper-endemic trees and their locations are as provided in Table 1.11. Table 1.11: Hyper-Endemic Trees of Kelantan and Their Localities No Scientific Name Local Name Location 1. Aleisanthia sylvatica (Rubiaceae) N/A Ulu Kelantan 2. Aporusa isabellina (Euphorbiaceae) Pelangas Sg. Lebir 3. Croton kelantanicus (Euphorbiaceae) Cenkian Sg. Ketil 4. Derris yappii (Leguminosae) Batai Kuala Aring 5. Goniothalamus rotundisepalus (Annonaceae) Kenerak Sg. Renong, Chaning, G. Stong 6. Hederopsis major (Araliaceae) Balai Kuala Aring, Gua Musang 7. Scolopia steenisiana (Flacourtiaceae) Rukam Gua Musang, Bertam Source: Ng et al. (1990) There are two species (out of three in Peninsular Malaysia) of the endangered parasitic plant, the rafflesia, found in the State. Rafflesia cantleyi is located at Kuala Koh (Kelantan portion of Taman Negara), while the more common R. kerrii can be found in GSSP, Pos Brooke, and Bt. Jeli Forest Reserve. The distribution of R. kerrii extends into South Thailand. Of much concern are the limestone hill habitats that harbour calcium-loving species (with some endemic to limestone only), of which, 57 species have been recorded for Kelantan (WWF-Malaysia, 1991). They are under threat from land development at the base, quarrying, 16
Gunung Stong State Park Preliminary Management Plan and extraction of guano. The list of plants found on (but not necessarily limited to) limestone hills is as provided in Table 1.12 below. Table 1.12: Distribution of Plants found on Limestone Hills in Kelantan No. Species Location Family Acanthaceae 1. Justicia arossa Gua Jaya & Sg, Bering, Gua Tampah, Gua Nenek, Gua Setir. 2. Justicia sp. A Gua Renayang, Gua Papan, Pulau Raba, Gua Nenek, Gua Musang, Batu Boh. 3. Justicia sp. B Pulau Raba. Family Agavaceae 4. Dracaena porterii Gua Renayang, Gua Nenek, Batu Boh, Gua Gagak, Ciku 5, Ciku 8. Family Araceae 5. Alocasia lowii Gua Jaya & Sg. Bering, Pulau Raba, Gua Ikan, Gua Musang, Gua Setir and Ciku 5. 6. Amorphophallus carnosus Gua Papan, Gua Jaya & Sg. Bering, Pulau Raba, Gua Tampah, Kg. Star, and Ciku 5. 7. Amorphophallus prainii Gua Renayang, Gua Jaya & Sg. Bering, Pulau Raba, Gua Ikan, Kg. Star, Gua Panjang, Gua Setir and Ciku 5. 8. Arisaema roxburghii Gua Papan, Gua Ikan, Gua Setir and Gua Gagak. 9. Colocasia gigantea Gua Jaya & Sg. Bering, Gua Tampan, Kg. Star, Gua Nenek, Batu Boh, Gunong Reng and Gua Setir. 10. Cryptocoryne affinis Kg. Star, Gua Setir, Gua Gagak, Ciku 8, Gua Ikan 1 . 11. Hapaline brownie Gua Renayang, Gua Papan, Gua Jaya & Sg, Bering, Pulau Raba, Gua Ikan, Gua Musang, Ciku 5, Ciku 8. 12. Homalomena humilis Gua Renayang, Gua Jaya & Sg. Bering, Pulau Raba, Gua Ikan, Gua Nenek, Gua Setir, Gua Gagak, Ciku 5, Ciku 8. 13. Pothos macrocephalus Gua Renayang, Gua Papan, Pulau Raba, Kg. Star, Gua Setir, Gua Gagak, Ciku 8. 14. Pothos scandens Gua Renayang, Pulau Raba, Gunong Reng. Family Asclepiadaceae 15. Hoya coronaria Gua Jaya & Sg. Bering, Gua Ikan, Gua Musang, Bukit 5. 16. Hoya citrina 2 Gua Renayang, Gua Musang, Gunong Reng. Family Balsaminaceae 17. Impatiens opinata Gua Renayang, Gua Jaya & Sg. Bering, Pulau Raba, Gua Nenek, Gua Musang, Gua Gagak, Bukit 5, Ciku 5, Ciku 8. Family Begoniaceae 18. Begonia foxworthyi Gua Renayang, Pulau Raba, Kg. Star, Gua Nenek, Gua Panjang, Gua Musang, Gua Gagak, Bukit 5, Ciku 5, Ciku 8, Gua Ikan 1 . 19. Begonia kingiana Gua Renayang, Gua Jaya & Sg. Bering, Pulau Raba, Gua Musang, Gunong Reng, Gua Gagak, Ciku 5. 20. Begonia nurii Gua Papan, Gua Ikan, Batu Boh 17
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