Scientific Papers Series A. Agronomy

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Gökpınar ., ve Cirik S., 1991. Phaeodactylum tricornitum’un geni ölçekli yıın kültürleri üzerine tuzluluk faktörünün etkisi. Ege Ü. Su Ürünleri F. Eitiminin 10. Yılında Su Ürünleri Semp., 12-14 Kasım, zmir, p. 429-438. Ilgaz S., 2003. Farklı Tuzluluk Deriimlerinin Nannochloropsis oculata ve Isochrysis galbana türlerinin büyüme hızlarına etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi. lgi K.K., ve ebnem A. 2007. Sürekli letilen Alg- Fotobiyoreaktör Sisteminde Atık Sudan Azot Giderimi. 7. Ulusal Çevre Mühendislii Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, zmir. Sayfa , p.267-273. Johnson M.B., Wen Z., 2009. Production of Biodiesel Fuel from the Microalga Schizochytrium limacinum by Direct Transesterification of Algal Biomass. Journal of Energy Fuels, pp. 79-83. Naz M., ve Gökçek K., 2006. Fotobiyoreaktörler: Fototropik Mikroorganizmalar için Alternatif Üretim Sistemleri. Ulusal Su Günleri 2004, 6-8 Ekim 2004, zmir. Scragg A.H., Illman A.M., Carden A., Shales S.W., 2002. Growth of microalgae with increased calorific values in a tubular bioreactor. Journal of Biomass and Bioenergy. Volume 23, p, 67-73. Tapan D., 2006. Çevre Koullarının Bazı Mikroalg Türlerinin Büyümesi Üzerine Etkisinin Aratırılması. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Tawfiq S.A., Suad A.H., Jacob D.A., 2004. Optimum culture conditions required for the locally isolated Dunaliella salina. Journal of Algal Biomass Utilization. Volume 1(2), p, 12-19. Vonshak A., 1997. Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira): Physiology, Cell biology and Biotechnology. Taylor and Francis, London, Great Britain; p. 213-226. Yılmaz H.K., 2006. Mikroalg Üretimi için Fotobiyoreaktör Tasarımları. E.Ü. Su Ürünleri Dergisi. 23 (1/2): p. 327-332. Xu H., Miao X., Wu Q., 2006. High Quality Biodiesel Production From a Microalga Chlorella protothecoides by Heterotrophic Growth in Fermenters. Volume 126, p, 499-507. 443
Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy, Vol. LVI, 2013 ISSN 2285-5785; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5793; ISSN Online 2285-5807; ISSN-L 2285-5785 THE EVOLUTION OF MECHANISED FARMING IN THE WEST LANCASHIRE REGION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM SINCE 1945 Kate Antonia LIVESEY 1 , Lancelot BUTTERS 2 1 Myerscough College, Bilsborrow, PR3 0RY, Preston, England 2 University of Central Lancashire, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, Preston, England Abstract Corresponding author email: klivesey@myerscough.ac.uk This paper critically examines the effects mechanised operations, in particular the replacement of the horse with the introduction of the tractor, had on the socio economic position of the rural population of West Lancashire. This study investigates how the history of West Lancashire made a significant contribution to understanding the transition from horse to tractor, in the post Second World War period; a period of time where the experiences of farming with both horses and tractors were common place. This academic piece of work draws on the personal experiences of farmers in conjunction with documented evidence, and critically examines the effects on both rural life and the farming industry. The data processed included the relationship of new tractor sales in comparison with the decline in working horses; an increase of 350,000 from 100,000 to 400,000 tractors nationwide in the 17 years following the war, during the same period the number of working horses declined to virtually zero; productivity increased and at the same time labour requirement on farms declined and it was during this period that the population nearly doubled. Lancashire, situated in the North West of England, lends itself to a wide diversification in crops and land use with large urban populations to the south and east of the county providing a clear market for produce. The most productive land, located in the West Lancashire plain, comprises of light easily cultivated peat mosses, light alluvial and sandy soils (Grade 1 listed soil) which are ideal for intensive arable cropping. Fifteen per cent of the UK soil is categorised as grade 1; ninety four per cent of this fifteen per cent is located in North West Lancashire. This report critically reviews the increase in tractor numbers and their role in the regions agriculture in comparison to the decline of manual labour, the decline in the use of horses and trends in farm size. Key words: mechanised operations, horses, tractors, urban population, intensive arable cropping, social trends, West Lancashire. INTRODUCTION During the 1950’s British farming practices became much more intensive as farmers shifted decisively and irrevocably away from the use of horses to tractors (Robinson, 2002). Post War agriculture needed to undergo a process of profound change. This progressive change became the extension of technological, organisational and economic rationality (Ilbery, 1986). This investigation aims to contribute to the understanding of this significant and remarkable nation-wide change through studying part of West Lancashire, establishing the chronology of the process and how and why it occurred. For the basic economic analysis of this study, farming has been looked at purely as a business activity, setting aside the romantic view of the countryside that ignores the realities of earning a living. However, it also considers the social consequences. 444 The change from horses to tractors was the fastest change, in farming practice, to occur in the history of agriculture. We, the investigators already knew the outcome of the challenge facing an industry using dated practices; the reasons behind the change and the impact on communities of British farmers remain obscure. Factors such as financial constraints and inducements, farm size and the existence of a rigid or dated attitude will all be considered in this study of decision making, as well as the effect the changeover had on the lives of West Lancashire farmers. With the food crisis of the war years continuing, due to the lack of foreign exchange to pay for imports; during 1951 and 1952 British agriculture was being called on to produce £100,000,000 worth of extra food. This was a vital contribution to the nation’s economic recovery after a devastating war that left the country nearly bankrupt. The
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SCIENTIFIC PAPERS SERIES A. AGRONOM
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University of Agronomic Sciences an
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SUMMARY SOIL SCIENCES Variation of
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A survey study on determination of
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Effects of different nitrogen forms
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Determine the effect of some cultiv
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SOIL SCIENCES
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K + /Na + ratio that ultimately pre
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ZINC POLLUTION OF SOILS LOCATED INT
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as the result of the plant protecti
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OBTAINING OF HUMATE-BASED LIQUID FE
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an 11.6% mass loss and a 145.5 J/g
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mijloc important de fertilizare ech
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collected on 13/09/2012 at the dept
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Table 3. The Influence of mineral f
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CONCLUSIONS The Hybrid rapeseedseed
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Scientific Papers. Series A. Agrono
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CONCLUSIONS The results have shown
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organic carbon was determined thoug
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THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL TILLING SYSTE
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emerging plant, we recommend using
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at the cellular level of Ni (Bou et
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concentrations in agricultural soil
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Surfaces at the bottom shows higher
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substantial balance that means maxi
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Table 4. Aggregate composition and
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1. The initial parameters of ordina
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Table 8. Modification of the featur
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Abstract Scientific Papers. Series
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the linear correlation coefficient
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CONCLUSIONS For soil polluted with
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50 and 100 mg/kg and appreciated th
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Figure 4. Copper content in soil Fi
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samples collected in northern of fa
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study areas T
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influenced by heavy metals contamin
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Pankhurst C.E., 1997. Biodeversity
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horizons, color, texture, structure
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From a chemical reaction these soil
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- Organic matter by Tiurin; - pH (H
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Invertebrat
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of moisture in arable layers, incre
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experimentation. The increase of mo
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THE TRANSITION PERIOD TO THE MARKET
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Activity data Activity data comes f
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Figure 2. The decrease of cultivate
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of nitrous oxide. In: Revised 1996
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Laboratory results have been interp
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The air-mass interferes with the ov
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Under these conditions, Moldavian r
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decreased to near wilting coefficie
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CONCLUSIONS Severe drought that aff
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(temperature and soil moisture, air
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primary cultures analyzed, hybrids
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weeding crops during the growing se
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improper drainage and irrigation (G
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Figure 4. Scores plot of the soil s
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Table 1. Cluster analysis of the st
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DIFFERENTIATION OF FERTILIZATION RA
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Figure 2. Situation and location of
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Statistical data processing For the
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Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer
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30 m. Regarding the formation and d
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considerably less. These facts are
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Table 2. Hydraulic dimensioning Par
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SPATIAL VARIATION OF PHYSICAL CLAY
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Figure 2. Situation and location of
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esistant to high clay content in th
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CONCLUSIONS Described regularities
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ecome widespread and in order to ea
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Table 3. Results of the analysis of
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COMPARISON OF SYSTEMS FOR TAXONOMY
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Soil types
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underdeveloped cinnamon forest soil
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Figure 8. Content of skeletal fract
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MODEL FOR INVESTIGATION, AMELIORATI
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Characteris
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terrain is in the composition of a
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Such characteristics require the ne
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Australia) with high resolution nit
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some important medicinal plants of
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RFV = [120 / NDF] × [88.9 - (0.779
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average at Viani - Brila County). A
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Figure 1. Dry above-ground biomass
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County) and 30.29% (CERA 270 hybrid
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phenological stages were found to h
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STUDIES REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF
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ainfall were able to have a negativ
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Figure 7. Thermo-hydric stress fact
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In Romania is grown a large assortm
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Mainly vitamin C, E and polyphenols
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soluble compounds with antioxidant
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primarily the water-soluble antioxi
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has a split-split-plot design with
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Kovács B., Gyori Z., Prokisch J.,
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pays off (Mares et al., 2004; Gonz
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Table 3. Tested variants V1 Control
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about the inner value of flora. The
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Biological ma
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Figure 2. Correlation between prote
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CONCLUSIONS Production and quality
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The following presents several tech
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3. Evolution of total weed number i
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RESEARCH ON APPLICATION OF NPK FERT
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Also increase production significan
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In April 2012, the pre-sowing proce
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difference with the hoed control sa
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Data about
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Table 7. Proved difference between
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Table 1. Variance analysis experien
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Amongst the three precocity groups,
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was car
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to present genetic sources of resis
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REFERENCES Antonova T.S., Araslanov
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Halstedii is necessary to identify
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EFFICIENCY OF UTILIZATION OF ASELEC
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to separate the effects of genotype
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INFLUENCE OF THE CLIMATIC CONDITION
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In 2012, at NARDI Fundulea, data fr
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parameter from the treated variants
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Table 6. The effectiveness of some
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Table 1. Probability of the meteoro
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At 50% DI in EOF, only a small part
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This was probably due to the specif
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under deficit irrigation. This prov
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Intervals w
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productions from one year to anothe
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epresented by soil ecologization an
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new created ones as a basic conditi
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The highest number of kernels per e
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Table 8. Average weight of thousand
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CONCLUSIONS The drought from the ye
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IWM as appropriate, necessary studi
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100% in the first 6 weeks of growth
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locules boll -1 (0.02), seeds locul
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Bhutto H., Baloch M.J., Yousaf M.,
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Table 4. GCA effects for morpho-yie
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MATERIALS AND METHODS This study wa
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vegetation of each of the swaths, i
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Sudangrass hybrids depending on the
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The parameters of biomass and dry m
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transplanting and ½ applied at fir
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Fertilization Forms Table 2. The me
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growing agricultural farms; evoluti
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In this area, priority must be to p
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soybean seeds are found farms that
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are a better material for haploid i
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Figure 6. Embryo and endosperm mark
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RESEARCHES CONCERNING THE INFLUENCE
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Table 1. The influence of seeding d
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Exagone hybrid. Thus, when sown at
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Table 9. The influence of sowing di
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MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to k
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Table 3. Genotype influence on whea
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Romanian varieties from the experim
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Table 2. Efficacy of some fungicide
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ROMANIAN WHEAT - STRATEGIC PRODUCT
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exceeded 2,000 thou ha, and maximum
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Values over 26% wet gluten were det
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effective and can build a significa
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grassland. This method is commonly
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RESULTS REGARDING DROUGHT RESISTANC
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average for this period is 170.6 mm
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Hybrid FAO grupe Table 2. The main
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length has lowest values at the unt
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CHARACTERISTICS OF SECOND GENERATIO
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developed in Dobrudzha Agricultural
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Table 5. Cytological characteristic
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We can see in the table that all li
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Mean compar
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Table 4. Statistical interpretation
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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONVENTIONAL A
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Improved sunflower hybrids for use
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differences in production to contro
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International Center for Agricultur
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Table 3. Evaluation of Genotypes fo
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Table 1. Characteristics of city sl
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Table 4. Amount of the rainfall dur
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ECOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE
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Page 395 and 396: CONCLUSIONS In terms of productivit
Page 397 and 398: amino acids, such as 4-hydroxyisole
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Page 401 and 402: Table 5. Determining chlorophyll pi
Page 403 and 404: PROPOSALS ON TECHNOLOGY OF MOVING A
Page 405 and 406: These are the main technical charac
Page 407 and 408: FUNGAL BIODIVERSITY AND CLIMATE CHA
Page 409 and 410: Climate change effects and Dobrogea
Page 411 and 412: Figure 10. Pure culture of benefici
Page 413 and 414: MANAGEMENT OF BENEFICIAL MICROORGAN
Page 415 and 416: microorganisms DSMZ Braunschweig -
Page 417 and 418: Protocol of research and reporting
Page 419 and 420: “HERBAL MEDNET” AN INNOVATIVE A
Page 421 and 422: Figure 2. Value of global herbal ma
Page 423 and 424: Abstract Scientific Papers. Series
Page 425 and 426: Figure 3. The Allelopathy effect on
Page 428: AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND RENEWA
Page 431 and 432: Research was also aimed at observin
Page 433 and 434: Leaf production of dry matter per h
Page 435 and 436: cooking oil and jatropha oil (Vonsh
Page 437 and 438: machines, many different fat extrac
Page 439 and 440: Table 4. The nutrient content Conte
Page 441 and 442: Figure 21. Dunaliella salina sp. ch
Page 443: for the decline is the growing numb
Page 447 and 448: Tractor power seemed the obvious wa
Page 449 and 450: Figure 4 shows that in 17 post war
Page 451 and 452: their employability, help raise the
Page 454 and 455: . Scientific Papers. Series A. Agro
Page 456 and 457: through the sprinkler irrigation. A
Page 458 and 459: Figure 5. Overlapping sprinklers wi
Page 460 and 461: CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGROMETEOROLOGIC
Page 462 and 463: Bulgaria to the use of agroclimatic
Page 464 and 465: Figure 9. Duration of the period so
Page 466 and 467: Figure 18. Evapotranspiration of wi
Page 470 and 471: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS After scari
Page 472 and 473: The influence of the texture on the
Page 474 and 475: Figure 6. Area of land planted with
Page 476: APPLIED BIOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL SCI
Page 479 and 480: MATERIALS AND METHODS Researches we
Page 481 and 482: RESEARCHES REGARDING EVOLUTION OF S
Page 483 and 484: gradually reduce towards the end of
Page 487 and 488: According to that, the aspect of th
Page 489 and 490: etween classes of variation with ma
Page 491 and 492: Abstract Scientific Papers. Series
Page 493 and 494: Table 2. Average heights of Lycium
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V 1 V 2 Table 6. Average shoot leng
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Table 13. Average dry substance of
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centrifuge (7000 rev/min. during 20
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7, Streptomyces sp. 9, and Streptom
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laboratory of Biology, USAMV Buchar
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SOME NEW SPECIMENS FOR ZOOLOGICAL T
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New reptiles for our teaching colle
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Figure 1. Scatter plot of odontosty
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Table 4. Measurements of Xiphinema
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Malus pumila and P. avium are new h
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- the mean, minimum and maximum mon
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The monthly mean of the flow highli
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longer in balance with the existing
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ecording the encountered plant spec
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Mediterranean (3), Balkan (1), Cent
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Table 3. Segetal species of the Top
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of sugar/flower and the honey poten
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Territorial concentration of mellif
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CONCLUSIONS In Giurgiu County there
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farm (Awake, 1998). Rahman et al. 2
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Table 3 shows that there was a high
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS x, k, r, R
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Figure 3. Us-Pressure Relations of
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