Scientific Papers Series A. Agronomy

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farm (Awake, 1998). Rahman et al. 2003 stated that numerous reasons are responsible for the deprived position of women in the developing countries. They are low skilled, less literate and lack organizational structures, through which resources can be mobilize for their benefit. Similarly their access to formal education is limited by having separate gender school system, because boys’ schools are given priority (Penh, 2006). At the same time poor health conditions and high fertility rate restrict their development and lack of mobility further worsens the situation (Parveen, 2001; Rani, 1992). Rural women in Pakistan, are working in the crop and livestock production, cottage industry and household maintenance but their work is not recognized. (Naqvi et al., 2003). Therefore it is necessary to analyze the gender participation in agriculture decision making and rural development Tackling all the gender issues in agriculture and rural development, it is widely accepted that full participation of all citizens, both men and women is the best way to build and sustain society that will reduce conflict and achieve human development (Damisa et al. 2007). Keeping the importance of rural women in agricultural production in view, this study was conducted in the six union councils of district Swabi of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province to investigate the level of women participation in decision-making in various areas of crop management with the following specific objectives: Objectives of the study 1. To compare gender participation in decision making regarding crop management in district Swabi of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. 2. To present appropriate recommendations based on the findings of the study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The population for the study consisted of the men and women farmers in the 6 union councils of districts Swabi of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province i.e Ganduf, Kabgani, Ganichatra, Gabasni, Nara Amazi and Menai. District Swabi has two sub-divisions also called tehsils. These are tehsil Lahor and tehsil Swabi. District Swabi has a total cultivated area of 87,046 hectare (Crop statistics, 2010-11) and 541 had a total population of 1,026,804 persons (Census, 1998; Govt. of Pakistan, 2007). Whereas, the present estimated population of this district is 1.41 millions. It has 56 union councils i.e 15 urban and 41 rural. There are 157 villages in the district. Researchers used multistage random sampling technique for the purpose of study. Thus, one tehsil was selected by using simple random sampling technique. Thereafter, six villages were selected at random including one from each union council. Furthermore, 40 men and 40 women respondents were selected by means of systematic random sampling technique. Thereby making a total of 480 respondents i.e 240 men and 240 women. An interview schedule was constructed, checked for its validity and reliability and was pre-tested. The respondents were interviewed through the pretested interview schedule by “survey”. The data collected were analyzed by applying Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Means and standard deviation were computed for different variables. However, researchers also applied t-test to determine the difference between men and women participation in decision making process regarding crop management and results drawn are given as follow. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Table 1 indicates that the difference between responses of men and women respondents was highly significant in almost all areas of decision making regarding crop management. This situation reflects a male dominated society because level of women participation in decision making was lower as compare to men. However, the highest difference in decision making process by men and women was recorded in the area of land preparation which ranked 1 st with mean difference 0.71 followed by purchase of inputs and marketing of produce which were ranked 2 nd and 3 rd with difference in mean values as 0.60 and 0.56, respectively. The results of the present study are strongly supported by those of (Damisa et al, 2007) who concluded that woman farmer is heavily involved in agriculture in Nigeria but the level of her participation in farm management decision making is quite low, especially in case
of land preparation it was found to be nil with regard to considering final decision. The highest difference in decision making between the two categories in all aspects may be due to the fact that men are still dominating segment of the society. This may also be due to the unawareness about Islamic education which lay emphasis on seeking mutual discussion and thereafter proceeding in all matters of life. The mean values indicate that participation level in decision making of both the respondents ranged from medium to high but those of men tended towards high and those of women respondents tended towards medium categories. Table 1. Mean ±SD with t-values for comparison of gender participation in decision making regarding various crop production activities Men participation in Women participation in Areas of decision making Mean t- decision making decision making regarding crop production difference value P-value Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Preparation of land 3.98 ± 0.64 3.27 ± 0.61 0.71 -6.92
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SCIENTIFIC PAPERS SERIES A. AGRONOM
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University of Agronomic Sciences an
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SUMMARY SOIL SCIENCES Variation of
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A survey study on determination of
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Effects of different nitrogen forms
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Determine the effect of some cultiv
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SOIL SCIENCES
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K + /Na + ratio that ultimately pre
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ZINC POLLUTION OF SOILS LOCATED INT
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as the result of the plant protecti
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OBTAINING OF HUMATE-BASED LIQUID FE
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an 11.6% mass loss and a 145.5 J/g
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mijloc important de fertilizare ech
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collected on 13/09/2012 at the dept
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Table 3. The Influence of mineral f
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CONCLUSIONS The Hybrid rapeseedseed
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Scientific Papers. Series A. Agrono
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CONCLUSIONS The results have shown
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organic carbon was determined thoug
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THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL TILLING SYSTE
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emerging plant, we recommend using
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at the cellular level of Ni (Bou et
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concentrations in agricultural soil
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Surfaces at the bottom shows higher
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substantial balance that means maxi
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Table 4. Aggregate composition and
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1. The initial parameters of ordina
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Table 8. Modification of the featur
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Abstract Scientific Papers. Series
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the linear correlation coefficient
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CONCLUSIONS For soil polluted with
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50 and 100 mg/kg and appreciated th
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Figure 4. Copper content in soil Fi
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samples collected in northern of fa
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Study areas T
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influenced by heavy metals contamin
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Pankhurst C.E., 1997. Biodeversity
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horizons, color, texture, structure
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From a chemical reaction these soil
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- Organic matter by Tiurin; - pH (H
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Invertebrat
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of moisture in arable layers, incre
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experimentation. The increase of mo
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THE TRANSITION PERIOD TO THE MARKET
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Activity data Activity data comes f
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Figure 2. The decrease of cultivate
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of nitrous oxide. In: Revised 1996
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Laboratory results have been interp
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The air-mass interferes with the ov
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Under these conditions, Moldavian r
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decreased to near wilting coefficie
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CONCLUSIONS Severe drought that aff
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(temperature and soil moisture, air
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primary cultures analyzed, hybrids
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weeding crops during the growing se
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improper drainage and irrigation (G
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Figure 4. Scores plot of the soil s
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Table 1. Cluster analysis of the st
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DIFFERENTIATION OF FERTILIZATION RA
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Figure 2. Situation and location of
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Statistical data processing For the
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Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer
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30 m. Regarding the formation and d
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considerably less. These facts are
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Table 2. Hydraulic dimensioning Par
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SPATIAL VARIATION OF PHYSICAL CLAY
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Figure 2. Situation and location of
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esistant to high clay content in th
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CONCLUSIONS Described regularities
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ecome widespread and in order to ea
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Table 3. Results of the analysis of
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COMPARISON OF SYSTEMS FOR TAXONOMY
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Soil types
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underdeveloped cinnamon forest soil
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Figure 8. Content of skeletal fract
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MODEL FOR INVESTIGATION, AMELIORATI
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Characteris
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terrain is in the composition of a
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Such characteristics require the ne
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Australia) with high resolution nit
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some important medicinal plants of
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RFV = [120 / NDF] × [88.9 - (0.779
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average at Viani - Brila County). A
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Figure 1. Dry above-ground biomass
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County) and 30.29% (CERA 270 hybrid
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phenological stages were found to h
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STUDIES REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF
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ainfall were able to have a negativ
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Figure 7. Thermo-hydric stress fact
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In Romania is grown a large assortm
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Mainly vitamin C, E and polyphenols
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soluble compounds with antioxidant
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primarily the water-soluble antioxi
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has a split-split-plot design with
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Kovács B., Gyori Z., Prokisch J.,
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pays off (Mares et al., 2004; Gonz
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Table 3. Tested variants V1 Control
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about the inner value of flora. The
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Biological ma
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Figure 2. Correlation between prote
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CONCLUSIONS Production and quality
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The following presents several tech
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3. Evolution of total weed number i
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RESEARCH ON APPLICATION OF NPK FERT
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Also increase production significan
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In April 2012, the pre-sowing proce
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difference with the hoed control sa
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Data about
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Table 7. Proved difference between
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Table 1. Variance analysis experien
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Amongst the three precocity groups,
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was car
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to present genetic sources of resis
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REFERENCES Antonova T.S., Araslanov
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Halstedii is necessary to identify
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EFFICIENCY OF UTILIZATION OF ASELEC
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to separate the effects of genotype
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INFLUENCE OF THE CLIMATIC CONDITION
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In 2012, at NARDI Fundulea, data fr
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parameter from the treated variants
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Table 6. The effectiveness of some
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Table 1. Probability of the meteoro
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At 50% DI in EOF, only a small part
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This was probably due to the specif
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under deficit irrigation. This prov
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Intervals w
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productions from one year to anothe
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epresented by soil ecologization an
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new created ones as a basic conditi
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The highest number of kernels per e
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Table 8. Average weight of thousand
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CONCLUSIONS The drought from the ye
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IWM as appropriate, necessary studi
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100% in the first 6 weeks of growth
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locules boll -1 (0.02), seeds locul
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Bhutto H., Baloch M.J., Yousaf M.,
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Table 4. GCA effects for morpho-yie
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MATERIALS AND METHODS This study wa
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vegetation of each of the swaths, i
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Sudangrass hybrids depending on the
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The parameters of biomass and dry m
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transplanting and ½ applied at fir
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Fertilization Forms Table 2. The me
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growing agricultural farms; evoluti
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In this area, priority must be to p
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soybean seeds are found farms that
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are a better material for haploid i
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Figure 6. Embryo and endosperm mark
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RESEARCHES CONCERNING THE INFLUENCE
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Table 1. The influence of seeding d
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Exagone hybrid. Thus, when sown at
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Table 9. The influence of sowing di
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MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to k
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Table 3. Genotype influence on whea
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Romanian varieties from the experim
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Table 2. Efficacy of some fungicide
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ROMANIAN WHEAT - STRATEGIC PRODUCT
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exceeded 2,000 thou ha, and maximum
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Values over 26% wet gluten were det
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effective and can build a significa
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grassland. This method is commonly
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RESULTS REGARDING DROUGHT RESISTANC
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average for this period is 170.6 mm
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Hybrid FAO grupe Table 2. The main
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length has lowest values at the unt
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CHARACTERISTICS OF SECOND GENERATIO
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developed in Dobrudzha Agricultural
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Table 5. Cytological characteristic
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We can see in the table that all li
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Mean compar
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Table 4. Statistical interpretation
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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONVENTIONAL A
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Improved sunflower hybrids for use
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differences in production to contro
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International Center for Agricultur
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Table 3. Evaluation of Genotypes fo
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Table 1. Characteristics of city sl
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Table 4. Amount of the rainfall dur
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ECOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE
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maize had a density of 5 plants/m 2
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CONCLUSIONS In terms of productivit
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amino acids, such as 4-hydroxyisole
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Table 5. Determining chlorophyll pi
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PROPOSALS ON TECHNOLOGY OF MOVING A
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These are the main technical charac
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FUNGAL BIODIVERSITY AND CLIMATE CHA
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Climate change effects and Dobrogea
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Figure 10. Pure culture of benefici
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MANAGEMENT OF BENEFICIAL MICROORGAN
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microorganisms DSMZ Braunschweig -
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Protocol of research and reporting
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“HERBAL MEDNET” AN INNOVATIVE A
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Figure 2. Value of global herbal ma
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Figure 3. The Allelopathy effect on
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AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND RENEWA
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Research was also aimed at observin
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Leaf production of dry matter per h
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cooking oil and jatropha oil (Vonsh
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machines, many different fat extrac
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Table 4. The nutrient content Conte
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Figure 21. Dunaliella salina sp. ch
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for the decline is the growing numb
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Tractor power seemed the obvious wa
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Figure 4 shows that in 17 post war
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their employability, help raise the
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. Scientific Papers. Series A. Agro
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through the sprinkler irrigation. A
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Figure 5. Overlapping sprinklers wi
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGROMETEOROLOGIC
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Bulgaria to the use of agroclimatic
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Figure 9. Duration of the period so
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Figure 18. Evapotranspiration of wi
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS After scari
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The influence of the texture on the
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Figure 6. Area of land planted with
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APPLIED BIOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL SCI
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Researches we
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RESEARCHES REGARDING EVOLUTION OF S
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gradually reduce towards the end of
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According to that, the aspect of th
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etween classes of variation with ma
Page 491 and 492: Abstract Scientific Papers. Series
Page 493 and 494: Table 2. Average heights of Lycium
Page 495 and 496: V 1 V 2 Table 6. Average shoot leng
Page 497 and 498: Table 13. Average dry substance of
Page 503 and 504: centrifuge (7000 rev/min. during 20
Page 505 and 506: 7, Streptomyces sp. 9, and Streptom
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Page 509 and 510: SOME NEW SPECIMENS FOR ZOOLOGICAL T
Page 511 and 512: New reptiles for our teaching colle
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Page 516 and 517: Figure 1. Scatter plot of odontosty
Page 518 and 519: Table 4. Measurements of Xiphinema
Page 520 and 521: Malus pumila and P. avium are new h
Page 522 and 523: - the mean, minimum and maximum mon
Page 524 and 525: The monthly mean of the flow highli
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Page 528 and 529: ecording the encountered plant spec
Page 530 and 531: Mediterranean (3), Balkan (1), Cent
Page 532 and 533: Table 3. Segetal species of the Top
Page 534 and 535: Scientific Papers. Series A. Agrono
Page 536 and 537: of sugar/flower and the honey poten
Page 538 and 539: Territorial concentration of mellif
Page 540 and 541: CONCLUSIONS In Giurgiu County there
Page 544 and 545: Table 3 shows that there was a high
Page 548 and 549: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS x, k, r, R
Page 550 and 551: Figure 3. Us-Pressure Relations of
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